Rowland - 饲料厂和养殖场的霉菌毒素来源和危害控制

FeedMycotoxins:SourcesandControlforFeedmillsandFarms饲料霉菌毒素：饲料厂和养殖场的霉菌毒素来源和危害控制RobertD.Rowland,Ph.D,Nutritionist罗伯特·罗兰博士，营养学家FeedTechnologyandNutritionConsultant饲料技术和营养顾问CommonMycotoxinsInFeed饲料中常见的霉菌毒素Background:MycotoxinsInFeed背景：饲料中的霉菌毒素1.Scientistshaveidentifiedmorethan300individualdifferentmycotoxinsfoundinfeedINGREDIENTS.科学家们已经从饲料原料中发现300多种不同的霉菌毒素。2.Theclinicalsymptomsofmycotoxintoxicityinswinearepublishedinthescientificliterature.科学文献中记载了猪霉菌毒素中毒的临床症状。3.Mycotoxinscausesub-clinical(invisible)effectsonimmunityandreproductionandeconomiclosses.霉菌毒素引起免疫系统、繁殖性能和经济效益方面亚临床（无形的）的影响。MycotoxinsinFeed(Continued)饲料中的霉菌毒素（续）4.Mycotoxinsarefoundingrains,peanutmeal,cottonseedmealandalsosoybeanmealifmoldyordamagedsoybeanshavebeenprocessed.在谷物、花生粕、棉籽粕和由霉变大豆加工出来的豆粕中发现霉菌毒素。5.Ruminantscandetoxifysomemycotoxins.Pigsandpoultryarenotveryeffectiveatdetoxificationofmycotoxins.反刍动物可以解除霉菌毒素的部分毒性。猪和禽不具备解毒能力。6.Immunesuppressionandreproductiveproblemscausedbyfeedingmycotoxinsaresimilaramongallspecies.霉菌毒素引起的免疫抑制和繁殖问题在物种间相似。AflatoxinB1,B2黄曲霉毒素B1，B2AflatoxinG1,G2黄曲霉毒素G1，G2Aflatoxicol黄曲霉毒醇Zearalenonea,b玉米赤霉烯酮a,bFusaricAcid萎蔫酸FumonisinsB1,B2,B3,B4伏马菌毒素B1，B2，B3，B4FumonisinsA1,A2伏马菌毒素A1，A2Moniliformin念珠菌素OchratoxinA赭曲霉毒素ATricothecenes(200)单端孢霉烯族毒素（200）Deoxynivalenol(DON)(Vomitoxin)脱氧瓜萎镰菌醇（呕吐毒素）T-2ToxinT-2毒素Diacetoxyscirpenol(DAS)蛇形菌素Monoacetoxyscirpenol(MAS)Nivalenol瓜萎镰菌醇HT-2ToxinHT-2毒素T-2TetraolT-2四醇MostCommonFeedMycotoxins大部分常见的饲料霉菌毒素Top6MycotoxinsFoundinAsiaFeedIngredients(RomerLabs,Singapore,publishedinFeedMix2007)在亚洲饲料原料中发现的最重要的6种霉菌毒素(新加坡Romer实验室，2007年发表于“FeedMix”)Aflatoxins(All)黄曲霉素(全部)Zearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮FumonisinB1伏马菌毒素B1OchratoxinA赭曲霉毒素ATricothecenes单端孢霉烯族毒素Deoxynivalenol(DON)(Vomitoxin)脱氧瓜萎镰菌烯醇(呕吐毒素）T-2ToxinT-2毒素Top6MycotoxinsFoundinAsiaFeedIngredients(RomerLabs,Singapore,FeedMix,2007,Vol.15.No.4)在亚洲饲料原料中发现的最重要的6种霉菌毒素(新加坡Romer实验室，FeedMix，2007，Vol.15.No.4)SamplesPositiveAverage样品阳性平均Aflatoxins(All)黄曲霉素(全部)79216%39ppbZearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮79538%487ppbFumonisinB1伏马菌毒素B167846%1.2ppmOchratoxinA赭曲霉毒素A17224%13ppbDeoxynivalenol(Vomitoxin)79248%681ppb脱氧瓜萎镰菌醇(呕吐毒素）T-2ToxinT-2毒素7111%299ppbTop6MycotoxinsFoundinAsiaFeedIngredients(RomerLabs,Singapore,FeedMixVol.15,No.4.2007)在亚洲饲料原料中发现的最重要的6种霉菌毒素（新加坡Romer实验室，FeedMix，2007，Vol.15.No.4）Highest最高Ingredient原料Country国家Aflatoxins(All)黄曲霉素(全部)494ppbCorn玉米China中国Zearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮14.1ppmCornGlutenChina中国玉米蛋白粉FumonisinB1伏马菌毒素B114.7ppmCorn玉米China中国OchratoxinA赭曲霉毒素A82ppbSoyMeal豆粕China中国Deoxynivalenol(Vomitoxin)10.4ppmDDGSChina中国脱氧瓜萎镰菌醇(呕吐毒素）T-2ToxinT-2毒素399ppbMixedFeedChina中国混合饲料1.MycotoxinsFoundinAsiaFeedIngredients(RomerLabs,Singapore,FeedMixVol.15,No.4.2007)1.在亚洲饲料原料中发现的霉菌毒素（新加坡Romer实验室，FeedMix，2007，Vol.15.No.4）FeedIngredient饲料原料Positive阳性Mycotoxins霉菌毒素Corn玉米81%FumonisinB1伏马菌毒素B172%Deoxynivalenol(Vomitoxin)脱氧瓜萎镰菌醇(呕吐毒素）47%Zearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮WheatandBran79%Deoxynivalenol(Vomitoxin)小麦和麦麸脱氧瓜萎镰菌醇(呕吐毒素）57%OchratoxinA赭曲霉毒素A26%Zearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮CornGlutenMeal89%Zearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮玉米蛋白粉50%FumonisinB1伏马菌毒素B132%Deoxynivalenol(Vomitoxin)脱氧瓜萎镰菌醇(呕吐毒素）2.MycotoxinsFoundinAsiaFeedIngredients(RomerLabs,Singapore,FeedMixVol.15,No.4.2007)2.在亚洲饲料原料中发现的霉菌毒素（新加坡Romer实验室，FeedMix，2007，Vol.15.No.4）FeedIngredient饲料原料Positive阳性Mycotoxins霉菌毒素DDGS100%OchratoxinA赭曲霉毒素A65%Deoxynivalenol(Vomitoxin)脱氧瓜萎镰菌醇(呕吐毒素）64%FumonisinB1伏马菌毒素B1SoyMeal豆粕30%OchratoxinA赭曲霉毒素A26%Zearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮MixedFeed58%FumonisinB1伏马菌毒素B1混合饲料47%Deoxynivalenol(Vomitoxin)脱氧瓜萎镰菌醇(呕吐毒素）37%Zearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮24%OchratoxinA赭曲霉毒素ADDGSSamplesPositiveforMycotoxinsDDGS样品霉菌毒素阳性OneMycotoxin98%ofDDGSsamplestested一种霉菌毒素测试DDGS样品中98%TwoorMore95%ofDDGSsamplestested两种或更多测试DDGS样品中95%NoMycotoxinsOneSampleofWheatDDGS无霉菌毒素一个小麦DDGS样品MycotoxinsinDDGS-LabAnalysis(U.S.andAsia)(BiominWorldwideSurvey.FeedTech11.9,2007)DDGS中的霉菌毒素——实验室分析(美国和亚洲)(Biomin全球调查,FeedTech11.9,2007)Mycotoxinsin103samplesPositiveHighestAverage103个样品中的霉菌毒素阳性最高平均Aflatoxins(B1)黄曲霉素(B1)8%89ppb*24ppb*Zearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮92%8.1ppm*333ppb*FumonisinB1,2伏马菌毒素B1,287%9.0ppm*596ppb*Deoxynivalenol(Vomitoxin)64%12.0ppm*2.1ppm*脱氧瓜萎镰菌醇(呕吐毒素）T-2ToxinT-2毒素26%218ppb*113ppb**HigherthanChinaStandard高于中国标准MycotoxinsinDDGS-LabAnalysis(BiominWorldwideSurvey.FeedTech11.9,2007)DDGS中的霉菌毒素——实验室分析(Biomin全球调查,FeedTech11.9,2007)MycotoxinsFromDDGSAverage10%20%DDGS的霉菌毒素平均Aflatoxins(B1)黄曲霉素(B1)24ppb2.4ppb4.8ppbZearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮333ppb33ppb66ppbFumonisinB1,2伏马菌毒素B1,2596ppb60ppb120ppbDeoxynivalenol(Vomitoxin)2.1ppm0.2ppm0.4ppm脱氧瓜萎镰菌醇(呕吐毒素）T-2ToxinT-2毒素113ppb11.3ppb22.6ppbCalculatedMycotoxinsFromDDGSinMixedFeeds(BiominWorldwideSurvey.FeedTech11.9,2007)推算混合饲料中DDGS的霉菌毒素含量(Biomin全球调查,FeedTech11.9,2007)MycotoxinsFromDDGSHIGH10%20%DDGS中的霉菌毒素最高Aflatoxins(B1)黄曲霉素(B1)89ppb8.9ppb18ppbZearalenone玉米赤霉烯酮8.1ppm0.8ppm*1.6ppm*FumonisinB1,2伏马菌毒素B1,29.0ppm0.9ppm1.8ppmDeoxynivalenol(Vomitoxin)12ppm1.2ppm*2.4ppm*脱氧瓜萎镰菌醇(呕吐毒素）T-2ToxinT-2毒素218ppb22ppb44ppb*HigherthanChinaStandard.高于中国标准CalculatedMycotoxinsFromDDGSinMixedFeeds(BiominWorldwideSurvey.FeedTech11.9,2007)推算混合饲料中DDGS的霉菌毒素含量(Biomin全球调查,FeedTech11.9,2007)Mycotoxin霉菌毒素Method方法Detection检测限度Aflatoxin(B1)黄曲霉素(B1)HPLC*0.5ppbZearalenone玉