ap-chemistry-course-and-exam-description

AP®CHEMISTRYCourseandExamDescriptionEffectiveFall2013REVISEDEDITIONAP®ChemistryCourseandExamDescriptionEffectiveFall2013REVISEDEDITIONTheCollegeBoardNewYork,NYAbouttheCollegeBoardTheCollegeBoardisamission-drivennot-for-profitorganizationthatconnectsstudentstocollegesuccessandopportunity.Foundedin1900,theCollegeBoardwascreatedtoexpandaccesstohighereducation.Today,themembershipassociationismadeupofover6,000oftheworld’sleadingeducationalinstitutionsandisdedicatedtopromotingexcellenceandequityineducation.Eachyear,theCollegeBoardhelpsmorethansevenmillionstudentsprepareforasuccessfultransitiontocollegethroughprogramsandservicesincollegereadinessandcollegesuccess—includingtheSAT®andtheAdvancedPlacementProgram®.Theorganizationalsoservestheeducationcommunitythroughresearchandadvocacyonbehalfofstudents,educatorsandschools.Forfurtherinformation,visit®EquityandAccessPolicyTheCollegeBoardstronglyencourageseducatorstomakeequitableaccessaguidingprinciplefortheirAPprogramsbygivingallwillingandacademicallypreparedstudentstheopportunitytoparticipateinAP.WeencouragetheeliminationofbarriersthatrestrictaccesstoAPforstudentsfromethnic,racialandsocioeconomicgroupsthathavebeentraditionallyunderserved.SchoolsshouldmakeeveryefforttoensuretheirAPclassesreflectthediversityoftheirstudentpopulation.TheCollegeBoardalsobelievesthatallstudentsshouldhaveaccesstoacademicallychallengingcourseworkbeforetheyenrollinAPclasses,whichcanpreparethemforAPsuccess.Itisonlythroughacommitmenttoequitablepreparationandaccessthattrueequityandexcellencecanbeachieved.APCourseandExamDescriptionsAPcourseandexamdescriptionsareupdatedregularly.PleasevisitAPCentral®(apcentral.collegeboard.org)todeterminewhetheramorerecentcourseandexamdescriptionPDFisavailable.Secondreprint.©2014TheCollegeBoard.CollegeBoard,AdvancedPlacementProgram,AP,APCentralandtheacornlogoareregisteredtrademarksoftheCollegeBoard.Allotherproductsandservicesmaybetrademarksoftheirrespectiveowners.VisittheCollegeBoardontheWeb:®........................................................................................................................1AbouttheAPChemistryCourseandExam...................................................................2HowAPCoursesandExamsAreDeveloped................................................................2HowAPExamsAreScored.............................................................................................3UsingandInterpretingAPScores..................................................................................4AdditionalResources.......................................................................................................4APChemistryCurriculumFramework..................................................................5ChangestotheCurriculumFramework.........................................................................5Introduction......................................................................................................................8TheEmphasisonSciencePractices........................................................................8OverviewoftheConceptOutline....................................................................................9TheConceptOutline......................................................................................................11BigIdea1:Thechemicalelementsarefundamentalbuildingmaterialsofmatter,andallmattercanbeunderstoodintermsofarrangementsofatoms.Theseatomsretaintheiridentityinchemicalreactions......................11BigIdea2:Chemicalandphysicalpropertiesofmaterialscanbeexplainedbythestructureandthearrangementofatoms,ions,ormoleculesandtheforcesbetweenthem...............................................................................22BigIdea3:Changesinmatterinvolvetherearrangementand/orreorganizationofatomsand/orthetransferofelectrons.......................................................41BigIdea4:Ratesofchemicalreactionsaredeterminedbydetailsofthemolecularcollisions.......................................................................................49BigIdea5:Thelawsofthermodynamicsdescribetheessentialroleofenergyandexplainandpredictthedirectionofchangesinmatter............................56BigIdea6:Anybondorintermolecularattractionthatcanbeformedcanbebroken.Thesetwoprocessesareinadynamiccompetition,sensitivetoinitialconditionsandexternalperturbations..................................................71SciencePracticesforAPChemistry.............................................................................85References......................................................................................................................90Appendix:APChemistryConceptsataGlance..........................................................91TheLaboratoryInvestigations..............................................................................109InquiryInstructionintheAPScienceClassroom...................................................