英语专八人文知识背诵资料汇总

1GeoGeographyGreatBritainAmericaCanadaAustraliaNewZealandmountainBenNevis(Highestmountain)Scafell(highestpeak)ThePennies(mountainchain)RockyMountains(‘backbone‘or‘continentaldivide’)ThegreatcentralplainTheAppalachianmountainsMountLogan(highestpeak)Mountcook(highestpeak)Mountruapehu(highesthillinnorthisland)riverSevernRiver(longest)ThamesRiver(mostimportant)theMississippiriver(‘fatherofwaters,’oldmanriver’)Ohioriver(‘AmericanRuhr’)St.Lawrence(mostimportant)theMackenzie(longest)TheMurrayriver(longestandBiggest)LakeTaupo(largest)lakesLoughNeigh(largest)LochLomond(largestinScot)Windermere(largestinEngland)LakeVyrnwy(largestinWales)ThegreatlakeslakeMichigan:entirelyinUSothers:Superior,Huron,Erie,OntarioGreatbearlake(largest)Greatslavelake(deepest)ThegreatlakesLakeEyre(largest)TheCluthariver(largestinsouthWaikatoriverandWanganuiriver(largestinnorth)climateMaritimetypeReasons:surroundingwatersTheprevailingsoutheastwindsTheNorthAtlanticDriftNortheastern:humidcontinentalclimateSoutheastern:humidsubtropicalclimateThegreatplains:continentalSteppeclimateIntermountain:continentalDesertclimatePacificnorthwest:maritimeclimateMainly:temperatecontinentalclimateThenorth:polarclimateThewest:TemperateMaritimeClimateDesertorsemiaridPlants:Eucalypts,wattlesAnimals:kangaroos,emus,budgerigarsFromcooltemperatetowarmtemperate(January—warmest,July—coldest)Christchurch—thedriestcityAuckland—thewettestcityReasons:itslatitudezoneOceanicenvironmentMountainsespeciallythesouthernAlpsEthnicgroupsFirstsettlers:theIberiansTheEnglish(mainly):Anglo-SaxonTheScottish,thewelsh,theIrish,thenorthIrish:CeltsOriginalhabitants：IndianImmigrantsfromallovertheworld(mainlyfromEuropeOriginalhabitants:theEskimosorInuitandIndiansImmigrations(mainlydescendantofBritainandFrance)Firstinhabitants:indigenousAustraliansImmigration(mainlyfromBritain)Firstinhabitants:Maori(10%)Immigration:allaroundtheworld2citiesLondon(capital,largestcity,largestport)Birmingham(secondlargest)Edinburgh(capitalofScotland)Cardiff(capitalofWales)Belfast(capitalofnorthernIreland)Glasgow(thirdlargest,largestcityandportinScotland)Manchester(centeroftextile)WashingtonD.C.(capital)NewYork(biggestcityandport,’thebigapple’,’Gotham’,Thecitythatneversleeps’,‘thecapitaloftheworld’,’theEmpirecity’)Boston(美国雅典)LosAngeles（加州最大城市，secondlargest）Chicago（thirdlargestcity，Called’thesecondcity’,’thewindycity’)SanFrancisco(西海岸门户)Quebec(largestprovince,Frenchculture)Toronto(largest)Montreal(second)Vancouver(third)Ottawa(capital)Canberra（capital）Sydney（largest）Melbourne(second,culturalAndsportscenter)States:Newsouthwales（oldest,Largestpopulation)WesternAustralia(biggestState)Tasmania(smalleststate)Wellington（capital）Auckland（largest）HistoryGreatBritainAmericaCanadaAustraliaNewZealandIn700BC,TheCeltscameintoBritain1600-1900Pre-ColumbianperiodThecontinentwasfoundedByanItalianexplorerjohnCabotWilliamDampierwasthefirstEnglishmantoreachAustraliaandJamescookfinallyputitonthemapThefirstEnglishmantothiscountrywascaptainJamesCook（55BC-410AD）In55BC,JuliusCaesarattackedButfailedIn43AD,ClaudiusconqueredthecountrywithoutScotland1492,ChristopherColumbusFoundthenewcontinent1607,firstcolonywasfoundedAtJamestown,VirginiaIn1608,SamueldeChamplainEstablishedthehabitationinQuebeccityOnJanuary1th,1901,thecommonwealthofAustraliacameintobeing,thefirstministerwasEdmundBartonIn1840,theTreatyofWaitangiwassignedbetweenWilliamHobsonandvariousMaorichiefs,whichbroughtthecountryintotheBritainEmpireandgaveMaorithesamerights（446-871）Theangles,SaxonsandjutescametoBritainIn1776,thecoloniesproclaimTheindependenceandtheDeclarationofindependenceWasdraftedAfterthesevenyears’war,TheFrenchwereforcedtogivetheCanadatoBritain1916,AnzacDay(澳新军团节)wasAustralia’smostimportantholidayIn1865,thecapitalWallingtonwassettled3In1066，TheNormanconquestbuilttheFeudalsysteminEnglandIntroducedChristianityIn1783,thetreatyofPariesRecognizedtheUSA1789,thegovernmentwassetTheQuebecactof1774grantedthepeopleofQuebecRightsasFrenchCanadians1950-1966，therewasaboomineconomicgrowthundermenzies’sruleIn1893,NewZealandbecamethefirstcountrytogivewomantheRighttovoteIn1215,Thegreatcharter—alimitationOfthepoweroftheking1861-1865,thecivilwarandLincolndeclaredEmancipationProclamation,in1865,theThirteenthAmendmentbannedslaveryIn1867,threecolonies-QuebecNewBrunswickandnovascotiajoinedinaconfederationbytheBritishNorthAmericaActIn1972,goughWhitlamestablishedrelationshipWithChinaIn1216,ThesummonofthegreatCouncillaterdevelopedintoThehouseoflordsandtheHouseofcommonsUSjointtheworldwarinApril1917In1931,CanadabecameamemberofthecommonwealthOfnations(1337-1453)ThehundredyearswarwithFrance(reducedlaborlargely)In1920s,Americaenjoyedaperiodofunbalancedprosperity-materialsuccessbutspiritualfrustrationorconfusionIn1949,newfoundlandbecameCanada’stenthprovince(1455-1485)ThewarofrosesLancaster-redroseYork-whiteroseHenryTudorwonthebattleIn1920s,AmericaexperiencedThegreatdepressionandfranklinRoosevelt’sNewDeal(1642-1651)ThecivilwarsCharles（supportfromnorthAndwest)Theparliament(southeast)Charleswasexecutedin1649