1-Introduction-of-statistics统计学

BasicStatisticsinLanguageStudiesCourseDescriptionObjectives:ToknowsomefundamentalconceptsinstatisticsTorelatetheconceptsinstatisticstoresearchmethodologyTooperateSPSS(StatisticalPackageforSocialSciences)Evaluationattendanceassignment(30%)finalexam(70%)Maincoursebooks李绍山，2008，《语言研究中的统计学》，西安交通大学出版社。周世界，2004，StatisticsinLanguageResearches,大连海事大学出版社。References:Howitt,D.&D.Cramea,2000,AnintroductiontoStatisticsinPsychology,PrenticeHall.Kinnear,P.&C.D.Gray,SPSSforWindowsMadeSimple,2000,psychologyPressLtd.陈胜可，2010，《SPSS统计分析---从入门到精通》，清华大学出版社。韩宝成，2000，《外语教学科研中的统计方法》，外语教学与研究出版社。CourseOutline1.Introduction2.DescriptiveStatistics:CentralTendencyandVariability3.NormalDistribution4.Estimation5.HypothesisTestingCourseOutline6.ParametricTestsI:ttest7.ParametricTestsII:ttest（分析研究报告）8.FDistributionI9.FDistributionII（分析研究报告）10.Non-parametricTests11.Chi-squareTest12.RegressionandCorrelationCourseOutline13.FactorAnalysis14.ReliabilityAnalysis15.RaschModel&Rsoftware16.PresentationofResearchDesign（12/16)17.PresentationofResearchDesign（12/23)18.FinalExam(12/30)Chapter1IntroductionWhystudyStatistics?1.ResearchObjectiveHeuristicobjective:hypothesis-generatingDeductiveobjective:hypothesis-testing2.MethodogyThespecificstepsforcollectingdataQuasi-experimentalstudy:heuristicresearchExperimentalstudy:DeductiveresearchChapter1Introduction3.FactorsforresearchdesignDefiningvariablesProposinghypothesisSamplingControllingvariablesSelectingproperstatisticmethodsChapter1IntroductionI.Whatisstatistics?Statisticsinlanguageresearch----theapplicationofstatisticsintolanguagestudies,isasetofmathematicaltechniquesusedbysocialscientiststoorganizeandmanipulatedataforthepurposeofansweringquestionsandtestingtheories(Healey,1993,p.1)Chapter1Introduction2.DescriptiveandInferentialStatisticsDescriptive:usedtodescribethebasicfeaturesofthedatainanylinguisticstudytopresentquantitativedescriptionsinamanageableform,e.g.,Distribution:percentages,kurtosisCentraltendency:mean,median,modeDispersion/variablity:range,standarddeviation(S.D.)Chapter1IntroductionInferential:usedtodrawinferencesaboutapopulationbasedonthestatisticsfromasampleorsamples(周世界，2004，p.2)TogeneralizefindingsfromasampleorpopulationToinfertherelationshipbetweenthetwoevents,ortomakeacomparison,i.e.HypothesistestingChapter1Introduction3.ClassificationsofVariablesandLevelsofMeasurement3.1VariableVariable（变量）:anymeasuredcharacteristicorattributethatdiffersfordifferentsubjectsinanexperimentorobservationIndependentvariablesorfactors（自变量）:thevariablesmanipulatedDependentvariables（因变量）:variablesmeasuredChapter1IntroductionIndependentVariable(IV)LevelofIVDependentVariable(DV)TeachingmethodsTraditionalmethodCommunicativeapproachScoreoftestDifficultyoflanguageHigh,MediumLowScoreofreadingcomprehensionGenderMaleFemaleScoreChapter1Introduction3.2Discrete（离散变量）andContinuousVariables（连续变量）Discrete:abasicunitofmeasurementthatcannotbesubdivided,e.g.,independentvariable(IV)Gender(male,female),IQ(high,low),Education(high,medium,low)Continuous:themeasurementthatcanbedividedinfinitely,e.g.,dependentvariableChapter1Introduction3.3Fourlevelsofmeasurement:1.TheNominalLevelofMeasurement（称名变量）:Ornamedmeasurement,usessymbolstoclassifyobservationsintocategoriesthatmustbebothmutuallyexhaustiveandexclusive.e.g.,IQ(high,low)Attitude(yes,no)Chapter1Introduction2.OrdinalLevelofMeasurement（顺序变量）Orrankmeasurement,usessymbolstoclassifyobservationsintocategoriesthatarenotonlymutuallyexhaustiveandexclusive.,e.g.,IQhighorlowwithscore,High:100aboveLow:99belowChapter1Introduction3.IntervalLevelofMeasurement（等距变量）OrEqual-intervalMeasurement:theintervalsbetweennumbersonanumericalscaleareequalinsize,e.g.Temperature:10-20,20-30Score,80-85,90-95,Chapter1Introduction4.RatiolevelofMeasurement（比率变量）Thesameastheintervallevel,hasanabsolutezeropoint,e.g.Range:0--Height:0---Weight:0---Chapter1IntroductionLevelofmeasurementMathematicaloperation(s)GroupIntervalLabelingRank-orderedOperationofadditionandsubtractionQuantitativedata（定量）RatioLabelingRank-orderedOperationofadditionandsubtractionOperationofmultiplicationanddivisionQuantitativedataNorminalLabelingQualitativedata（定性）OrdinalLabelingRankedQualitativedataChapter1IntroductionIndependentVariableDependentVariableStatisticMethodsIntervallevelEqualscoreParametrictests(t-test,z-test,ANOVA)OrdinallevelFromhightolow,lowtohighNon-parametrictests(Mann-WhitneyUtest,Wilcoxonsigned-ranktest,signtest)NorminallevelHigh:definingLow:definingNon-parametrictests(Mann-WhitneyUtest,Wilcoxonsigned-ranktest,Signtest,Chi-squaretest)Chapter1Introduction4.Population（总体）andsample（样本）Apopulationisacollectionorsetofdatathatdescribesaphenomenonofinteresttolinguisticsorlinguisticresearchers.Itcanbedividedintofiniteandinfinitepopulations.Populationparameter:thevaluePopulationmean:μ(Greekletter)Chapter1IntroductionAsampleisasubsetofdataselectedfromapopulationMeanofsample:X(Englishletters)1.Simplerandomsample2.Stratifiedrandomsampling3.Multi-stagesampling4.Samplesize(