Chapter 4-1 word formation

Chapter4Word-formationContents:•Somebasicconceptsofword-formation–Root,stemandbase•Affixation–Prefixation–SuffixationIntroduction•Meanstoformwords:•Mostproductive:•Affixation(30%-40%)•Compounding(28%-30%)•Conversion(26%)Othermeans•Acronymy(首字母缩略法)•Blending(拼缀法)•Clipping(剪缩法)•Back-formation(逆成法)•Reduplication(重叠法)•Wordsfrompropernames(专有名称)4.1Somebasicconceptsofword-formation•Root•Stem•Base4.1.1RootA~isaformwhichisnotfurtheranalyzable,eitherintermsofderivationalorinflectionalmorphology.Itisthatpartofaword-formthatremainswhenalltheinflectionalandderivationalaffixeshavebeenremoved.(所有的词缀去掉后剩下的部分)•Arootisthebasicpartalwayspresentinalexeme(词位).•Alexemeisanabstractunitofmorphologicalanalysisinlinguistics,thatroughlycorrespondstoasetofformstakenbyasingleword.Forexample,intheEnglishlanguage,run,runs,ranandrunningareformsofthesamelexeme,conventionallywrittenasRUN.•Allwordscontainarootmorpheme.Example:•‘undesirables’:undesireables•Root:desire,suffix:-able,prefix:un-,andtheinflectionalaffix:-s-‘greenhouse’•Internationalist:•Root—nation.•Na/tion:na:nonsense.4.1.2Stem(词干):•A~isofconcernonlywhendealingwithinflectionalmorphology.Inflectionalaffixescanbeaddedtoit.•Itisthepartoftheword-formwhichremainswhenallinflectionalaffixeshavebeenremoved.(所有的屈折词缀去掉以后剩下的部分)Examples:•‘undesirables’•Stem:undesirable•‘desired’•Stem:desire•‘greenhouse’•Stem:greenhouse•internationalists:•nation:nation+s•national:national+s•international:international+s•Astemmayconsistofasinglerootmorpheme,orof2rootmorphemes.•Astemcanalsobearootmorphemeplusoneormoreaffixationalmorphemes.4.1.3Base(词基):•Abaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.•Thismeansthatanyrootorstemcanbetermedasabase.Differencesbetweenbaseandroot•Basecanbeaderivationallyanalyzableformtowhichderivationalaffixesareadded.•Rootisaformwhichpermitsnofurtheranalysis.Examples:•‘desirable’•Base:desire;suffix:-able•‘desire’isalsoaroot:notfurtheranalyzable.•un+desirable:•desirableisthebase,notarootorastem.Differencesbetweenbaseandstem•Bothderivationalandinflectionalaffixescanbeattachedtoabase;•Onlyinflectionalaffixescanbeaddedtoastem.•Figure(1)unanalyzableroot(derivational)(orbase)suffixdesireableFigure(2)derivationalprefixanalyzablebaseundesirableFigure(3)steminflectional(orbase)suffixundesirablesFigure(4)root,stemorbaseinflectionalsuffixdesired•nation:•root,stem,base•national:•stem,base•international:•stem,base•internationalist:•stem,base4.2Affixation/derivation•(词缀法)theformationofwordsbywhichnewwordsarecreatedbyaddingaprefix,orsuffix,orboth,tothebase.•Thewordsformedbyderivationarecalledderivatives.Itissubdividedintoprefixationandsuffixation.4.2.1Prefixation•Prefixeschangethelexicalmeaningofthebase.•Theydon’tgenerallychangetheword-classofthebase.Examples(thosethatchange):•be-adj.v.becalm,belittle;•de-n.v.deform,debug;•en-n.v.enslave,endanger;•un-n.v.unleash,unearth;•anti-n.adj.anti-war,anti-aircraft;•inter-n.adj.Inter-state;•post-n.adj.postwar,postliberation;•pre-n.adj.precalculus,preplant;ClassificationofPrefixes(10)Accordingtotheirmeaning,prefixesareclassifiedinto:1)negativeprefixes(否定前缀)2)reversativeorprivativeprefixes(逆反前缀)3)pejorativeprefixes(贬义前缀)4)prefixesofdegreeorsize(程度范围前缀)5)prefixesofattitude(态度前缀)6)locativeprefixes(方位前缀)7)prefixesoftimeandorder(时间顺序前缀)8)numberprefixes(数字前缀)9)conversionalprefixes(转类前缀)10)Miscellaneousprefixes(杂类)1)NegativePrefixes(否定前缀)•a-:not,without,oppositeto–apolitical,asexual,atypical,asocial,amoral•dis-:not,theconverseof–disobey,discredit,disloyal,disorder,disuse•in-(il-,ir-,im-):inaudible,injustice,illiterate,illegitimate,irresistible,irresponsibility,improbable,immature•non-:notnon-classical,non-smoker,non-violence,non-president,non-virtue•un-:undemocratic,unwillingly,unbuilt,unsmiling2)Reversative/privativeprefixes(逆反前缀)•de-:reversingtheaction,deprivingof–decentralize,demystify,dehumanize,deforestation;(tonounstoformverbs)deice,defeather•dis-:-reversingtheaction;-lacking–disallow,dispossess,disunite;disinterested,discolored•un-:toverbs:–unbug,unlock,unwrap;3)Pejorativeprefixes(贬义前缀)•mal-:badly,bad(v.,participles,adj.,andabstractnouns)–maltreat,malformed,malnourished,malodorous,malpractice•mis-:wrongly,astray(tov.,participles,andabstractnouns)–misinterpret,mistrust,misleading,misconduct•pseudo-:false,imitation(n.,adj.)–pseudo-scientific,pseudo-classicism,pseudo-democratic•Toshowdisapproval:–pseudo-friend,pseudo-parent4)Prefixesofdegreeorsize(程度范围前缀)•arch-:supreme,most–Archbishop,archduke,arch-enemy,arch-hypocrite,arch-capitalist,arch-rival•co-:jointly,onequalfooting(n.,v..)–cohabit,codirect,co-star,co-author•extra-:very(adj..)–extra-large,extra-strong,extra-bright•hyper-:extreme(adj.,)–hyperactive,hypercreative,hypercritical•macro-:large:–macrostructure,macrocosm•micro-:verysmall:–microcomputer,microwave•mini-:little(n.):–mini-car,mini-camera•over-:excessive(adj.,v.,n.)–over-anxious,over-react,overestimate•out-:surpassing(withv.,n.,andadj.toformnewtransitiveverbs)–outswim,outlive,outclass,outnumber•sub-:secondary,lessimportant(n.)–sub-system,sub-head,subc