大学英语语法11-定语从句

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunUnit11Clause:Adjectiveclauses•Grammar:Adjectiveclauses•Writing:Correcting:LackofSubject-VerbAgreementRewriting:Inter-sentencecoherenceClausesTherearetwokindsofclauses:mainclauseandsubordinateclause.Amainclause(orasimplesentence)containsacompletethoughtandthereforecanstandaloneasasentence.Everysentencemustcontainatleastonemainclause(MC).•Wewaitedforhalfanhour.•Nothinghappened.•Wewaitedforhalfanhour,butnothinghappened.Asubordinateclausealsohasasubjectandapredicate,butitcannotstandalonetomakesense.Itneedsamainclausetocompleteitsmeaning.Asubordinateclauseisusuallyintroducedbysubordinatingconjunctionsorrelativepronouns.•Thesunhadset.•Wereturnedtoourhotelatonce.•Assoonasthesunhadset,wereturnedtoourhotelatonce.•Nowheknewit.•HewouldbeabletoreachtheSouthPole.•TheSouthPolewas300milesaway.•HenowknewthathewouldbeabletoreachtheSouthPole,whichwas300milesaway.1.FunctionsandformsAnadjectiveclauseisasentenceclausethatmodifiesanounorapronounasanadjectivedoes.Bothrelativepronouns(who,whom,whose,thatandwhich)andthesubordinatingconjunctions(where,whenandwhy)maybeusedasintroducerstobeginadjectiveclauses.Dorememberthatintroducersplayrolesintheadjectiveclausesandrelativepronounsreplacethenounthattheadjectiveclausesmodify.Anoun+anadjectiveclauseIntroducer+(subject)+predicate+…•Hepickedupalongpipe.•Thepipewascoveredwithcoins.•Hepickedupalongpipewhichwascoveredwithcoins.•(which=pipe,asasubjectoftheadjectiveclause.)•Hecaughtsightofafigure.•Heimmediatelyrecognizedit.•Itwasourlocalgrocer.•Hecaughtsightofafigurewhomheimmediatelyrecognizedasourlocalgrocer.•(whom=figure,asanobjectoftheadjectiveclause.)•Whydidhefail?•Thereasonisstillobscure.•Thereasonwhyhefailedisstillobscure.•(why=forwhich;which=reason;asanadverbialoftheclause.)•Icannotremembertheday.•Atthatday,theygotengaged.•Icannotrememberthedaywhentheygotengaged..•(when=atwhich;which=day;asanadverbialoftheclause.)•Sheforgotthenameofthestore.•Atthatstore,herfatherboughtheranMP4.•SheforgotthenameofthestorewhereherfatherboughtheranMP4.•(where=atwhich;which=store;asanadverbialoftheclause.)2.KindsAdjectiveclausescanbedividedintotwokinds:restrictiveandnonrestrictive.Arestrictiveadjectiveclausegivesessentialinformation.Withouttheclause,thecompletemeaningofthesentencewouldnotbeexpressedclearly.Arestrictiveadjectiveclauseshouldnotbesetoffbycommas.•Aclownisaperson.•Hemakesyoulaugh.•Aclownisapersonwhomakesyoulaugh.•(Withouttheclause,“Aclownisaperson”doesn’tmakesense.)•Let’sgotoacountry.•Inthecountry,thesunalwaysshines.•Let’sgotoacountrywherethesunalwaysshines.•(Withouttheclause,“Let’sgotoacountry”doesn’tmakethemeaningofthesentenceclear.)Whenanadjectiveclauseisnotabsolutelyneededinordertoexpressthecompletemeaningofasentence,itiscalledanonrestrictiveadjectiveclause.Itcanbeomittedfromasentencewithoutaffectingthebasicmeaningofthesentence.Itshouldbesetoffbycommas.•Wewereworriedaboutournearestneighbors.•Theywerenewcomerstothedistrict.•Wewereworriedaboutournearestneighbors,whowerenewcomerstothedistrict.•(As“ournearestneighbors”areclear,thesentencemakessensewithouttheclause.)•Abrotherwaslostforalongtime.•Peoplepresumedhimtobedead.•Hewasreallyaliveallthetime.•Along-lostbrother,whowaspresumeddead,wasreallyaliveallthetime.•(As“brother”hasamodifier“long-lost”,itisstillclearwithouttheclause.)3.Introducers3.1.InrestrictiveadjectiveclausesThefollowingrelativepronounsareusedtointroducerestrictiveadjectiveclauses.PersonThingsSubjectwho/thatwhich/thatObjectwhom,who,that/øwhich,that/øPossessivewhosewhoseThefollowingsubordinatingconjunctionsareusedinrestrictiveadjectiveclause.PlaceTimeReasonAdverbialwherewhenwhy1.who,whomandwhichcanbereplacedbythat.ThisisverycommoninspokenEnglish.2.thatcanbeomitted(ø)whenitistheobjectoftheclause.Itisoneoftheugliestfaces(that)Ihaveeverseen.3.whoseisusedforthingsaswellasforpeople.Themanwhosebikewasstolencalledthelocalpolice.Thecarwhosewindowhasbeenbrokenismyneighbors.4.whomisveryformalandisonlyusedinwrittenEnglish.InspokenEnglish,thatisusuallyreplacedbywho/that,ornothing(ø).5.thatisusuallyusedafterthewordslikesomething,anything,everything,nothing,allandsuperlatives.Thereissomethingthatwewillneverforget.ThatwasthemostexcitingnewsthatIhaveeverheard.3.2InnonrestrictiveadjectiveclausesThefollowingrelativepronounsareusedtointroducenonrestrictiveadjectiveclauses.PersonThingsSubjectwhowhichObjectwhom,who,whichPossessivewhosewhoseThefollowingsubordinatingconjunctionsareusedinnonrestrictiveadjectiveclauses.PlaceTimeReasonAdverbialwherewhenwhy1.Wealwaysusecommastoseparateanonrestrictiveadjectiveclausefromtherestofthesentence.2.Innonrestrictiveadjectiveclauses,weneveruse“that”toreplace.3.Weneveromittherelativepronoun,evenwhenitistheobjectoftheverbintheadjectiveclause.4.InspokenEnglish,weusuallyputtheprepositioninnonrestrictiveadjectiveclausesattheendoftheclause;whereas,inwrittenorformalEnglish,weputtheprepositionbeforethepronoun.•LastsummerwevisitedtheWestLake,forwhichHangzhouisfamousintheworld.[inwrittenEnglish]•Thismachine,whichIhav