大学英语语法8——分词短语

CollegeEnglishGrammar:GrammarandWritingByZhuXiangjunUnit8Phrases:ParticipialPhrases•Grammar:ParticipialPhrases•Writing:Correcting:DanglingModifiersRewriting:SentenceemphasisParticipialPhrasesWordsthataremadeofverbsbutdon'tactlikeverbsarecalledverbals.Therearethreetypesofverbals:participles,infinitivesandgerunds.Aparticipleisaverbformusedasanadjectivetomodifynounsandpronouns,orasanadverbtomodifyverbs,adjectivesorotheradverbs.Participlescomeintwoforms:thepresentparticiple(V-ing)andthepastparticiple(V-ed).ThepresentparticipleinEnglishisintheactivevoiceandisusedfor:1.modifyinganounasanadjective;Thegirlisdancing.Thegirlisthedaughterofmyneighbor.•Thedancinggirlisthedaughterofmyneighbor.2.modifyingaverborwholesentenceasanadverb.Jacksmiled.Jacksaidhellotome.•Smiling,Jacksaidhellotome.Thepastparticiplemaybeusedinbothactiveandpassivevoicesandisusedfor:•modifyinganounasanadjective,withactivesense；Atreefellontheroad.Theroadwasblocked.Theroadwasblockedbyafallentree.•modifyinganounasanadjective,withpassivesense;Thestreetwasdeserted.Ifeltuneasyonthestreet.Ifeltuneasyonthedesertedstreet.•modifyingaverborsentenceasanadverb.Jackwasshaken.Jackhadtoquithisvillage.Jackwasindespair.Shaken,Jackhadtoquithisvillageindespair.Ifyouarenotsurewhetheryoushouldusepresentparticipleorpastparticiple,youcanturnthephraseintoasentence.Rightsentenceensuresrightchoice.ParticipialphraseSentence(be+participle)•thesingingbirds•flyingtime•brokencar•theexcitedchildren•→Thebirdsaresinging.•→Thebirdsaresung.•→Timeisflying.•→Timeisflown.•→Thecarisbreaking.•→Thecarisbroken.•→Thechildrenareexciting.•→Thechildrenareexcited.Asadjectives,participlesmaybeplacedbeforeorafterthewordstheymodify.Thevisitingministerexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks.Soontheycouldseethesteamrisingfromthewetclothes.Ingeneral,presentparticiplesindicatetheactionisactiveandprogressive;pastparticiplesindicatetheactionispassiveandcompletion.Manyadverbialclausescanbereducedtoparticipialphrases,especiallywhentheysharethesubjectwiththemainclause.•Ifyoufollowingthisroad,youwillfindthebusstop.Followingthisroad,youwillfindthebusstop.•Whenhereadsinthefinalpagesofthenovel,thereader'shairstandsonend.Readinginthefinalpagesofthenovel,thereader'shairstandsonend.•Afterhewasnominatedfortheaward,hegotabovehimself.Nominatedfortheaward,hegotabovehimself.•Becauseithadbeensubmergedyearsago,thevillagenolongerexisted.Submergedyearsago,thevillagenolongerexisted.1.FunctionsParticipialphraseshavegenerallytwoformalfunctionsinsentences.2.1.AsanadjectiveWhenaparticipialphraseisusedasanadjective,itmodifiesanounorapronounandusuallygoesbeforeoraftertheworditmodifies.•Theanimalishuntedtoextinction.•Theanimalisalosttreasure.•Huntedtoextinction,theanimalisalosttreasure.•Iheardasonglastnight.•Lindawassingingloudly.Lindawasinherdormitory.•Lastnight,IheardLindasingingloudlyinherdormitory.2.2.AsanadverbWhenaparticipialphraseisusedasanadverb,itmodifiesaverborawholesentence,mainlyanswersthequestion“how?”andmayappearindifferentpositionsinasentence.•Simonusedakey.•Simonopenedthedoor.•Usingakey,Simonopenedthedoor.•Theboyheldatorchsteadily.•Heapproachedthetower.•Theboy,holdingatorchsteadily,approachedthetower.•Let’sspeakfrankly.•Wehavenoauthority.•Franklyspeaking,wehavenoauthority.2.Positionandpunctuation2.1.AtthebeginningWhenaparticipialphraseappearsatthebeginningofasentence,itmustcomerightbeforethenounsthatitdescribesandisfollowedbyacomma.•Mrs.Richardsdidn’twanttofrightenthepoorman.•Shehidinasmallstoreroomquickly.•Thestoreroomwasunderthestairs.•Notwantingtofrightenthepoorman,Mrs.Richardsquicklyhidinthesmallstoreroomunderthestairs.•Thesewiresarelinedupagainstthewall.•Thesewiresarelong.•Thesewiresarethin.•Thesewiresareattachedtometalspheres.•Linedupagainstthewall,theselongthinwiresareattachedtometalspheres.2.2.InthemiddleWheninthemiddleofasentence,participialphrasescomeafterthenounsthattheymodifyandhavenocommasaroundthemiftheinformation(restrictive)isnecessarytoidentifyorunderstandbutdohavecommasaroundthemiftheydon'tincludenecessaryinformation(non-restrictive).•TheVerrazanoBridgewasdesignedbyagreatarchitect.•ItjoinsBrooklyntoStatenIsland.•TheVerrazanoBridge,designedbyagreatarchitect,joinsBrooklyntoStatenIsland.•Itwasinasmallvillage.•Awomanwaspickingblackberries.•Shesaw“alargecat”.•The“cat”wasonlyfiveyardsawayfromher.•Inasmallvillageawomanpickingblackberriessaw“alargecat”onlyfiveyardsawayfromher.3.3.AttheendWhenparticipialphrasesappearattheendofasentence,theyareoftensetoffbycommastoemphasize,especiallyiftheyarenotdirectlyafterthenounsthattheymodifyoriftheyprovideunnecessaryinformation.•TheTitanicturnedjustintime.•Itnarrowlymissedthewallofice.•Thewallwasimmense.•TheTitanicturnedjustintime,narrowlymissingtheimmensewallofice.•Theoldmanretired.•Hemoved.Hewantedtolivewithhischildren.TheylivedatNansha.•NanshaliesbytheZhujiangRiver.•Afterhisretirement,theoldmanmovedtolivewithhischildrenatNansha,lyingbytheZhujiangRiver.Therearenocommasiftheinformationisnecessarytoidentify,ifemphasisisnotneededorifthephrasedirectlyfol