Chapter-2-communication解读

Chapter2:CultureandCommunication(I)Contents•I.Lead-in•II.Whatiscommunication?•III.TypesofCommunication•IV.Modelofcommunication•V.Characteristicsofcommunication•VI.CaseStudy•VII.MatchingTask交际交流传播沟通交往通信传通Communication交际HowmanyChinesewordscanyouthinkofthatareusedtoexpresscommunication?2020/3/173Lead-inCommunicationLatinword“communicare”Actandprocessofsendingandreceivingmessagesamongpeople1.1DefinitionofCommunication2020/3/1741.2FunctionsofCommunication•Practicalfunctions•Socialfunctions•Decisionmakingfunctions•PersonalgrowthfunctionsFunctions2020/3/1751.3TypesofCommunication•(1).Typesofcommunicationbasedoncommunicationchannels•verbalcommunication•non-verbalcommunication.oralcommunicationwrittencommunicationbodylanuagefacialexpressionsgestureseyecontact•(2).Typesofcommunicationbasedonstyleandpurpose•formalcommunication(communicationthathastooccurinasetofformat)•informalcommunication(freeunrestrainedcommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoareacquaintedwitheachother)1.3TypesofCommunication(3)thesociallevels:IntrapersonalCommunicationInterpersonalCommunicationOrganizationalCommunicationMassCommunication自我传播人际传播组织传播大众传播2020/3/178TheClassificationofCommunicationCommunicationBiological/Physical~Human~Social~Non-social~Intra-personal~Interpersonal~Organizational~Mass~2020/3/179InteractiveModelofCommunicationSenderReceiverresponseSenderReceiverresponseencodingdecodingnoiseFeedbackisessentialtogoodcommunicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channelCommunicationcontextThefollowingisaconversationbetweentwocolleagueswhomeetinanelevatoronthewaytotheiroffices.Itservesasausefulexampletoillustratetheseelements.Male:Hi,how'veyoubeen?Female:Notbad.'Nyou?Male:Oh,can'tcomplain.Busy.Female:Iknow.Me,too.Male:Oh,well,gottatakeoff.Seeya.Female:Bye.Takecare.1.4ComponentsofCommunicationElementsExplanationsoftheelelmentsIllustrationsinthisconversationcontextasettingorsituationinwhichcommunicationoccurssendertheindividualwhooriginatesamessageencodingtheprocessbywhichanideaisconvertedintoamessagemessagetheinformationbeingsentchannelthemeansbywhichamessageistransmittedfromitsorigintoitsdestinationanelevatoronthewaytotheofficethemanconvertingtheideaofgreetingintoaverbalmessageaverbalgreeting(How'veyoubeen?)face-to-faceElementsExplanationsoftheelelmentsIllustrationsinthisconversationreceivertheintendeddestinationofamessagedecodingtheprocessbywhichthemessageisconvertedintoanidearesponsethereactionifthereceivertothedecodedmessagefeedbackamessageabouttheeffectsofapreviousmessagethatissentbacktothesourcenoiseanythingthatinterfereswiththetransmissionofamessagethewomanconvertingtheverbalmessageintotheideaofgreeting:He'sgreetingme.positiveresponsetothegreetingaverbalmessagesentback:notbad.'Nyou?None1.5ModelsofCommunicationContextualizedModelLinearModelCircularModelProcessModel2020/3/1714ModelsofCommunicationLinearModel-5WsSenderMessageChannelReceiverEffectsWhoAsenderSaywhatDirectsaMessageInwhichchannelThroughsomeMediumTowhomToaReceiverAndwithwhateffectWithsomeEffectFeedback2020/3/1715Lasswell’sModel2020/3/1716WilburSchramm’sRingModel2020/3/1717ModelsofCommunicationContextualizedModelCulturalSocialPhysicalMessageEncodeChannelEncodeReceiverSenderDecodeChannelEncodeMessageFeedback2020/3/17181.6.Characteristicsofcommunication•1COMMUNICATIONISDYNAMIC•2COMMUNICATIONISSYMBOLIC•3COMMUNICATIONISCONTEXTUAL•4COMMUNICATIONISSELF-REFLECTIVE•5COMMUNICATIONISINTERACTIVE•6COMMUNICATIONISLEARNED1COMMUNICATIONISDYNAMIC•Itindicatesthatcommunicationisanongoingactivityandanunendingprocess;itisnotstatic.Bothpartiesinthetransactionareseeing,listening,talking,thinking,perhapssmiling,andtouching,allatonce.Whenpeoplecommunicate,theyareconstantlyaffectedbyeachother’smessagesandasaconsequence,peopleundergocontinualchange.2COMMUNICATIONISSYMBOLIC•Communicationinvolvestheuseofsymbols.Symbolsarethingsusedtostandfor,orrepresent,somethingelse.Symbolsarenotlimitedtowords;theyalsoincludenonverbaldisplayandotherobjects(e.g,theflag).Withinaculture,thereissufficientagreementthatpeoplecancommunicatewithrelativeclarityonmosttopicsofcommunication.3COMMUNICATIONISCONTEXTUAL•Messageexchangealwaystakesplaceinspecificanddefinablelocation,notinavacuum.Differentcontextscallfordifferentmodesofbehaviour.Eventhewordsweexchangearecontextual.•e.g.“Howareyou?”•Toafriend?•Inadoctor’soffice,utteredbythephysician?4COMMUNICATIONISSELF-REFLECTIVE•Thischaracteristicofcommunicationstatesthathumanshavetheabilitytothinkaboutthemselves,theircommunicationpartners,theirmessages,andthepotentialresultsofthosemessages,allatthesametime.Thisveryspecialfeatureallowsyoutomonitoryouractionsand,whennecessaryordesirable,makecertainadjustments.5COMMUNICATIONISINTERACTIVE•Obviously,communicationmusttakeplacebetweenpeople.Whentwoormorepeoplecommunicate,theiruniquebackgroundsandexperiencesserveasabackdropforthecommunicationinteraction.Also,interactionimpliesareciprocalsituationinwhicheachpartyattemptstoinfluencetheother.6COMMUNICATIONISLEARNED•Welearnthelanguage,gestures,andcustomsofthecultureinwhichweareraised.Consequently,