Unit-4-astronomy-learning-about-language

Unit4Astronomy:thescienceofthestarsLearningaboutlanguagepresentpresenceviolentconfidentdifferentpatientviolenceconfidencedifferencepatience1Usethecorrectprefixorsuffixforeachword.Writeoutthenewwordandexplainthedifferencebetweenthetwo.Discoveringusefulwordsandexpressionscertainfairpaidlikekindunkinduncertainunfairunpaidunlikecultureglobeuniverseagriculturemathematicsmathematicalculturalglobaluniversalagriculturalartphysicschemistrybiologysciencescientistartistphysicistchemistbiologist1.Atthebeginning,theearthhadno____.A.dustB.atomsC.waterD.matter2.Thedevelopmentofaplanetgenerallydependson____combiningtogether.A.atomsB.rocksC.gasesD.waterCA2Choosesthecorrectwordtofillineachoftheseblanks.3.The____ofmammalshappenedafterthedisappearanceofthedinosaurs.A.harmfulB.systemC.spreadD.method4.Mammals___whentheanimalsthatwereharmfultothemdisappeared.A.preventedB.multipliedC.dependedD.existedCBIsthemoonaplanet?Thisquestionis____________ifstudentsaretoshowthattheyunderstandthenatureof__________.fundamentalastronomyastronomyatomfundamentalpuzzleexistprevent…fromasaresultgavebirthto3Completethefollowingpassagewiththewordsandphrasesbelowinthecorrectform.Somescientiststhinkthattheearth___________themoonbecausethemooncirclesourplanet.Othersbelievethatthemoon______beforetheearthwasformed.Theythinkthatearlierintimeittravelledthroughspaceasasmallplanetwhichwascaughtbytheearth’sgravity.__________,itgoesaroundourplanet.gavebirthtoexistedAsaresultTheevidenceforthistheoryisthatthe_____thatmakeuptherocksonthemoonseemtobedifferentfromthoseonearth.Whatisclearisthatthemoonissmallerthantheearthandthis________it_____escapingfromtheearth.Althoughitsoriginmaystillbea______,themooncanneverbeanythingmorethanasatelliteoftheearth.atomspreventsfrompuzzleviolentpatientgentleangryruderelaxingkindshockedexcitedeasy-goingcalmcrazy4Inpairsdividetheseadjectivesintotwogroups:emotionalwordsandcalmwords.EmotionalwordsCalmwordsviolentangryrudeshockedexcitedcrazypatientgentlerelaxingkindeasy-goingcalm4.Tofindyourwaycanbeaproblem.Whatdoestheunderlinedpartserveasineachsentence?3.Smokingisbadforyou.2.Youareastudent.5.“Howdoyoudo?”isagreeting.6.Itiscertainthatweshallbelate.subject1.Beijingisourcapital.Readthesentencesfromthetextandpayattentiontotheunderlinedparts.1.Whatitwastobecomewasuncertainuntilbetween4.5and3.8billionyearsago…2.…itwasnotclearwhethertheshapewouldlastornot.3.Whatisevenmoreimportantisthatastheearthcooleddown,waterbegantoappearonitssurface.4.Whatmanyscientistsbelieveisthatthecontinuedpresence…5.Whytheysuddenlydisappearedstillremainsamystery.NounclausesasthesubjectGrammar主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，其功同名词一样。为了避免头重脚轻，常用it作形式主语,而把真正主语放在句子末尾。Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.Thatheisthebeststudentintheclassisobvious.=Itisobviousthatheisthebeststudentintheclass.主语从句引导主语从句的关联词有三类：1)从属连词that。如:Thattheyweretruesisterswasclearfromthefacialresemblancebetweenthem.很明显,她们确是亲姐妹,她们的脸型很相似。2)从属连词whether。如：Whetherhe’llcomehereisn’tclear.他是否会来这里还不清楚。3)连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which,whoever,whatever,whichever,连接副词where,when,how,why。Whatshedidisnotyetknown.她干了什么尚不清楚。Howthishappenedisnotcleartoanyone.这事怎样发生的,谁也不清楚。Whoevercomesiswelcome.不论谁来都欢迎。主语从句三要素hebecameagreatscientistisknowntousall.Iswhatyoutoldmereallytrue?谓语动词一般用单数从句用陈述语序不能省略关联词Notice:Whatweneedmostarebooks.How在主语从句中,谓语一般用单数。无论他说什么都不重要。Whateverhesaysisofnoimportance无论谁说这话都不对。Whoeversaysthatiswrong．但谓语动词用单数还是复数,不可一概而论,而要视句子的意义而定。WhatIneedismoney.WhatIneedarebooks.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别what引导主语从句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语、宾语、表语,而that则不然。1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.2)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation.WhateverandwhoeverWhatever=anythingthatWhoever=anyonewho不管是谁犯了法,他都应该受到惩罚。Whoeverbreaksthelawshouldbepunished.=Anyonewhobreaksthelawshouldbepunished.①whether之后可以直接跟ornot,而if则不能。Idon’tcarewhetherornotyourcarbreaksdown.Idon’tknowwhetherornothe’scoming.但是不可以说：Idon’tcareifornotyourcarbreaksdown.whether与if②whether引导的从句一般不可以为否定结构(选择问句的后一部分除外);而if则可以跟否定结构,如:Idon’tcareifshedoesn’tcome.Idon’tcareifitdoesn’train.但是,在某些动词或形容词之后,则可以用whether引导一个否定结构的句子,这种结构往往表示肯定的含义,如：Iwonderwhetherhedoesn’tthinktoomuchofhimself.=Ithinkhedoesthinktoomuchofhimself.③在个别动词之后,如discuss等,只跟用whether引导的宾语从句,如:Theydiscussedwhethertheyshouldclosetheshop.WediscussedwhetherMarycouldjoinus.④whether可以引导从句作介词的宾语,而if则不能,如：I’mnotinterestedinwhetherthey’llgoornot.⑤whether可以直接跟动词不定式连用,而if则不能,如:Ididn’tknowwhethertolaughortocry.Shehasn’tdecidedwhethertogoornot.引导主语从句(包括从句在句首的位置)应当用whether,不用if,如：Whetheritistrueremainsaproblem.Whetherhewillcome,Iamnotsure.引导表语从句用whether,不用if,如:Thequestioniswhetheryoushouldacceptit.Thequestioniswhetherhewillspeakatthemeeting.引导同位语从句用whether,不用if,如:Thequestionwhetherhe’llattendthemeetingisessential.IamindoubtwhetherIshouldagreetotheplan.(NMET1996)1._________we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.2.Ihavejustdiscuss________weshouldgivehimenoughhelp.3.Theyhadnoidea________ornottheycouldachievetheirgoals.Whetherwhetherwhether不可省略的连词：1.引导主语,同位语,表语从句的连词不可省略。2.it作形式宾语的宾语从句3.并列宾语从句中,后面的从句引导词。Thatshewaschosenmadeusveryhappy.Weheardthenewsthatourteamhadwon.Ther