语言学精品课(胡壮麟版)ppt-01

IntroductiontoModernLinguisticsLecture1AnIntroduction2020/3/182CourseDescription•Thecourseisaimedattheintroductionofbasictheoriesandprinciplesoflinguistics,aswellasthebestknownissuesanddiscoveriesoflanguagestudies.Participantsarealsorequiredtoimplementthesetheoriesandprinciplestoanalyzelanguagephenomena,solvelanguageproblemsandimprovetheirownlanguagecompetence.Whylinguistics?••Forthosewhowillbelanguageeducators…•Forthosewhowillbeengagedinotheroccupationsthanlanguage…Teachingapproaches•Lectures•Discussion•Seminars•PresentationAssessmentofthecourse•TotalScores600points•100points10quizzes•100pointsparticipation•100pointstermpaper•50pointsclassengagement•50pointsperformance•100pointsofficehours•100pointsfinalexaminationThetermpaper!!•Athesisof1000wordsisrequiredforthecourse.Youcanchooseanytopicaboutlanguage.RemembertheDUETIMEisDecember20,nottheendofthesemester.Soyouarehighlyrecommendedtostartearly.Noexcuseisacceptedfordelayofthepaper.Seriouspenaltyiswaitingforyouifyouforgetaboutthethesis:oneday’sdelaycanmakeyoulose10points,andaweek’sdelaymeansyoufailinthepaper.Quizzes•Asmallquizof10minutesisdoneeachtimewhenanewchapterbegins.•ReferenceBooks•1.何兆熊，梅德明，«现代语言学»，外语教育与研究出版社，1999，北京•2.胡壮麟，«语言学教程»（修订本），北京大学出版社，2001年，北京•3.Fromkin,VictoriaandRodman,Robert.1998.Anintroductiontolanguage.6thed.HarcourtBraceCollegePublishers.•1.Whatislinguistics?•-TheDefinition•Linguisticsisthescientificstudyoflanguage.2.Scopesoflinguistics☺Generallinguistics—studieslinguisticsasawhole.☺Phonetics—studyofsounds☺Phonology--studyofthesystemofsounds,howtheyarecombined☺Morphology—studyofthestructureandformationofwords☺Syntax—studyofsentences,rulesgoverningsentencemaking☺Semantics—studyofmeaninginisolation☺Pragmatics--studyofmeaningincontext☺Sociolinguistics—studyofthesocialaspectsoflanguage☺Psycholinguistics—studyofhowhumanbeingsacquirelanguage☺Appliedlinguistics—Generalsense:theapplicationofthetheoriesandprinciplesoflinguisticstootherareas.☺Narrowsense:theapplicationofthetheoriesandprinciplesoflinguisticstolanguageteaching☺Neurolinguistics—dealswiththewayinwhichlanguageispresentedinthebrain☺Historicallinguistics—considershowlanguagechangesovertimeinpronunciation,syntax,andmeaning☺Stylisticsandpoetics—studyliterarylanguageandhowitachievesitseffects☺Dialectology—observeshowlanguagevariesacrossgeographicalorsocialboundaries☺Computationallinguistics—lookatlanguagesasessentiallyformalsystems,whichcouldbemasteredbymachines3.Someimportantdistinctionsoflinguistics•3.1prescriptivevs.descriptive•prescriptive—TraditionalGrammartaughttolearnersofalanguageisbasicallyprescriptive.Ittellsthereader“howtheyshouldsay”—layingdownrulesfor“correct”behavior•descriptive–describesandanalyzesthelanguagepeoplearecurrentlyspeaking.Itdealswith“whatpeopleactuallysay”•3.2synchronicvs.diachronic•synchronic—descriptionofalanguageatsomepointintimeisasynchronicstudy•diachronic—thestudyofalanguageasitchangesthroughtime•3.3.speechandwriting•speech:•primary,morebasic,precedeswrittenforminlanguagedevelopment,morepracticalthanwrittenform,hardtorecord•writing:•permanent,canberecorded•3.4.langueandparole•—bytheSwisslinguistF.deSaussure•langue—abstractsystemssharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity•parole—therealizationoflangueinactualuse•3.5competenceandperformance•—putforthbyamericanlinguistNoamChomsky•competence—learner’sknowledgeofalanguage•performance—theactualrealizationoftheknowledgeinreallinguisticcommunication2.Whatislanguage?•2.1.Definition:Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhumancommunication.•2.1.1.Languageisasystem.•2.1.2.Languageisarbitrary.•2.1.3.Languageisvocal.•.•2.1.4.Languageissymbolic.•2.1.5.Languageishuman–specific.•2.1.6.Languageisusedforcommunication2.2.Designfeaturesoflanguage•2.2.1.arbitrariness•2.2.2.productivity•2.2.3.duality•2.2.4.displacement•2.2.5.culturaltransmission