沟通英语听力原文Unit-2-NVC

UnitTwoListeningTaskNonverbalCommunication:ActionsSpeakLouderThanWordsTeacher:Ok,class.OK...let'sbegin.Whatdowemeanwhenwesaythatactionsspeaklouderthanwords?Student:Uh...thatmeanswebelievepeople'sactionsmorethanwebelievetheirwords.Teacher:Yes,exactlyright-----and,uh,inasense,actionsaremoreimportantthanwords.That'sbecauseweusuallyjudgespeakers'intentionsbythenonverbalsignalstheysendus.Andthat'swhatoursubjecttoday'sallabout,nonverbalcommunication-----howwecommunicatethroughouractions-----facialexpressions,eyecontact,toneofvoice,uh,bodymovement,andsoon.Andifanyofyoudoubttheimportanceofthesethings,youmightliketoconsideracoupleofstatisticsI'vegothereinfrontofme.Somecommunicationspecialistsestimatewespendabout75percentofourwakinghourscommunicating.And,moretothepoint,wordsaccountforonly,mm,10to30percentofthatcommunication----thebulk'snonverbal.Thatisfoodforthought,uh?Nowalthoughpeopleclearlyunderstanditsimportance,nonverbalcommunication,I'llcallitNVCforshort---–isactuallyaratherrecentfieldofstudy.NowalthoughtodayIwanttofocusonphysicalnonverbalcommunication---ohoftencalledbodylanguageorkinesics,that'sK-I-N-E-S-I-C-S---youshouldknowthatthereareothertypesofnonverbalcommunication.G..W.Porter,forexample,dividesnonverbalcommunicationintofourcategories,whichI'dliketolookatjustbriefly.There'sthePhysicalNVCIjustmentioned.Secondly,.there'sAestheticNVC----that'sA-E-S-T-H-E-T-I-C,meaningrelatedtobeauty.AndAestheticNVCtakesplacethroughcreativeexpressions,likeplayinginstrumentalmusic,dancingorpainting,sculpting.Andwecertainlyknowthatwecancommunicatewithpeoplethroughcreativeexpressionslikethese.Now,nextisSigns,whichisamechanicaltypeofcommunication.Now,itincludestheuseofthingslikesignalflagsusedatairports,thetwenty-onegunsaluteusedinthemilitary,andpolicesirensusedonpublicstreets.AndlastisSymbolicNVC,whichusesreligious,status,orego-buildingsymbols----youknow,thingslikewearingcrossesintheChristianreligionorspecialpinstoshowmembershipinaparticularclub,likeafraternity.So,again,you'vegotphysical,aesthetic,signs,andsymbolicnonverbalcommunication,Gotthat?Butlet’sgobacktoPorter'sfirsttype,PhysicalNVC,orbodylanguage..Um,it'sdividedintotwomaintypes----staticfeaturesanddynamicfeatures.Staticfeaturesincludedistance,orientation,posture,andphysicalcontact.Let’slookatdistancefirst.Thedistanceapersonstandsfromanotheroftensendsanonverbalmessage.Insomesituationsit’sasignofattraction;inothersit'sareflectionofsocialstatus;inothersitshowstheintensityoftheexchange.Distancehastodowithpersonalspaceandwhataninvasionofsomeone'spersonalspacesignifies,whatitmeans.Now,orientation'sdifferentfromdistanceandhastodowiththewaywepositionourselvesinrelationtoothers.Forexample,peoplecooperatingarelikelytositside-by-side,whilecompetitorsarelikelytositfacetoface...right?Andposture'sdifferentagain;itconcernswhetherwe’reslouchedorwe’restandingorsittingstraight.Youknow:Areourlegscrossed,ourarmsfolded?Thatsortofthing.Theseconveythelevelofformality,orrelaxationinthesamesituation.Thencomesphysicalcontact,andherewe'retalkingabouttouching,holding,hugging,andsoon.Theseconveyorshowmessages-----particularlyhowintimatewefeel----andtheirmeaningcanvaryalotbetweencultures.Handstouchinginoneculturemaybeanactofgreatintimacy,whereasinanother...simplyasignoffriendship.SothosearePorter'sstaticfeatures.Let'snowlookathisdynamicfeatures.Thesearebasicallythingslikefacialexpressions,gestures,eyecontact,anduh,bodymovements.Facialexpressions,then...thesecontinuallychangeduringaconversation,andparticipantsconstantlywatchandrespondtoeachother'sexpressions.Theseexpressionsusuallycommunicatetheemotionsandattitudesofthespeaker.Insomecommunicationstudies,it'sbeenestimatedthatfacialexpressionsprovide55percentofthemeaningofamessage;vocalcues,suchas,pitchandvolume,provide38percent;andverbalcuesonly7percent.So,aperson'sexpressionsseemtobeabetterindicatorofhismeaningthanwords,whichplayaminimalpart.OK,nowwherearewe?Oh.We'relookingatPorter'sdynamicfeaturesofcommunication.Nextwecometogestures.Youknow,oneofthemostimportantpartsofgesturing,handmovements,isoneofthoseleastunderstoodbyscientists.Mostarenotuniversal,andasweallknow,thesamegesturecanhavedifferentmeaningsindifferentcountries.HereintheU.S.wemakeacirclewithourthumbandfirstfingeranditmeansOK..InJapan,however,itmeansmoney,andinSouthAmericaithasasexualmeaning.Wehavetobeverycarefulaboutwhatourbodiesaresaying...especiallywheninadifferentculture.NowLet’smoveontoeyecontact.Eyecontactisaverypowerfulformofnonverbalcommunication.Onethingabouteyecontactthatisgenerallyagreedonisthatsomeonewithhigherstatususuallymaintainseyecontactlongerifhe'stalkingtosomeoneoflowerstatus.Inotherwords,hestares.Anythingelseyouthinkadirectstareindicates?Student:Determination...uh...openness.Teacher:Exactly,anditcreatesafeelingoftrust.Andlookingdownward?Student:Thatshowsdishonesty,guilt....uh...Teacher:Yes,theydo,butalsomodesty,insomecases.Andeyesrolledupwardssuggesttiredness.Idon'tseeanyofthatrightnow.Imgladtosay!Andthelast,thefourthitemisbodymovement.Youknow,it'sinterestingthatalotof