牛津译林模块三第二单元课文同步梳理

Unit2LanguageWelcometotheunit&Reading........................................................................................................1Project...............................................................................................................................................7Writing............................................................................................................................................12Welcometotheunit&ReadingEnglishanditshistoryAllthrough①history,peoplefrommanydifferentcountriesandcultureshavelivedtogetherinBritain.TheEnglishlanguageismadeupof②thegrammarandvocabulary③thesepeoplebroughttoBritain.ThatiswhyEnglishhassomanydifficultrulesthatconfusepeople④.①allthrough一直，从来就②bemadeupof由……组成/构成makeup编造；构成；弥补(for)；和解；化妆③vocabulary/və'kæbjələrI/n.词汇thesepeoplebroughttoBritain是定语从句，修饰先行词thegrammarandvocabulary，关系代词省略了。④why引导表语从句，其中又包含that引导的定语从句。英语及其历史有史以来，在不列颠共同生活着来自许多不同国家和文化背景的人们。英语就是由这些人带到不列颠的语法和词汇构成的。那就是英语有如此多令人困惑不解的规则的原因。OldEnglishOldEnglishisverydifferentfrom⑤theEnglishwespeaknowadays⑥.Infact⑦，wewouldnotbeabletounderstanditifweheardittoday.Beforethemiddleofthe5thcentury,peopleinBritainallspokealanguagecalledCeltic⑧.Thentwo⑤bedifferentfrom...与……不同⑥nowadays/'naʊədeIz/adv.现在，如今⑦infact事实上⑧Celtic/'keltIk/n.凯尔特语⑨Germanic/dʒɜː'mænIk/adj.日耳曼语(族)的Germanic⑨groupsfromtheEuropeanmainland⑩—theAngles⑪andtheSaxons⑫—occupied⑬Britain.OldEnglishconsistedof⑭amixture⑮oftheirlanguages.(BoththeEnglishlanguageandtheEnglishpeoplearenamedafter⑯theAngles;thewordAnglewasspeltEngleinOldEnglish.)Asidefrom⑰placenamessuchasLondon,veryfewCelticwordsbecamepartofOldEnglish.Attheendof⑱the9thcentury,theVikings⑲，peoplefromNorthernEuropeancountriessuchasDenmarkandNorway⑳，begantomovetoBritain.Theybroughtwiththemtheirlanguages,whichalsomixedwithOldEnglish○21.Bythe10thcentury,OldEnglishhadbecometheofficial○22languageofEngland.WhenwespeakEnglishtoday,wesometimesfeelpuzzledaboutwhichwordsorphrases○23touse.ThisisbecauseEnglishhasmanywordsandphrasesfromdifferentlanguages○24，butwithsimilarmeanings.Forexample○25，thewordsickcamefromawordonceusedbytheAnglesandtheSaxons○26，whileillcamefromawordonceusedbytheNorwegians○27.⑩mainland/'meInlænd/n.大陆⑪Angle/'æŋɡl/n.盎格鲁人⑫Saxon/'sæksn/n.撒克逊人⑬occupy/'ɒkjʊpaI/vt.占领；占用(时间、空间等)⑭consistof由……组成/构成(＝bemadeupof)，无被动语态。consist/kən'sIst/vi.组成，构成⑮mixture/'mIkstʃə(r)/n.混合，混合体⑯nameafter以……命名⑰asidefrom除……之外aside/ə'saId/adv.除……之外⑱attheendof...在……末⑲Viking/'vaIkIŋ/n.维京人，北欧海盗⑳peoplefrom...andNorway是theVikings的同位语。○21which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰languages。○22official/ə'fIʃl/adj.官方的，正式的○23phrase/freIz/n.词组，短语○24Thisisbecause...“这是因为……”，because引导表语从句。其中介词短语fromdifferentlanguages作定语，修饰wordsandphrases。○25forexample例如○26过去分词短语onceusedby...作后置定语，修饰aword。○27while为并列连词，意为“而，然而”，表对比。古英语古英语和现在我们说的英语非常不同。事实上，如果我们今天听到古英语，会听不懂。公元5世纪中叶以前，不列颠所有的人都说一种叫凯尔特语的语言。后来，来自欧洲大陆的两个日耳曼部族——盎格鲁人和撒克逊人——占领了不列颠。古英语是由他们的语言混合而成的。(英语及英国人都是由盎格鲁人命名的；Angle这个词在古英语里拼作Engle。)除了像London这样的地名外，极少数的凯尔特单词成了古英语的一部分。在9世纪末，来自北欧诸国例如丹麦和挪威的维京人开始向不列颠移居。他们带来了他们的语言，这些语言也与古英语交汇在了一起。到了10世纪，古英语已成为英格兰的官方语言。现在，当我们讲英语时，我们有时会对用哪些单词或短语感到困惑。这是因为英语有着许多来自不同语言的单词和短语，但是这些单词和短语有着相似的意思。比如，sick一词就是来自盎格鲁人和撒克逊人曾经用过的一个词，而ill则来自曾经被挪威人用过的一个词。MiddleEnglishMiddleEnglishisthenamegiventotheEnglishusedfromaroundthe12thtothe15thcenturies○28.Manythingsplayedapartin○29thedevelopmentofthisnewtypeofEnglish.Themostimportantcontribution○30wasfromtheNormans○31，aFrench­speakingpeoplewhodefeated○32Englandandtookcontrolof○33thecountryin1066○34.However○35，theNormanConquest○36didnotaffect○37EnglishasmuchastheAnglesandtheSaxons'victoryabout600yearsearlier,whichledto○38OldEnglishreplacing○39Celtic○40.EventhoughtheNormansspokeFrenchforthe○28givento...是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰name。其中usedfrom...也是过去分词短语作后置定语，修饰English。○29playapartin在……中起作用，参与○30contribution/ˌkɒntrI'bjuːʃn/n.贡献，促成因素；捐赠makecontributionsto为……做贡献○31Norman/'nɔːmən/n.&adj.诺曼人(的)○32defeat/dI'fiːt/vt.击败，战胜○33takecontrolof控制，取得对……的控制○34who引导定语从句，修饰aFrench­speakingpeople。○35however“然而”，可放在句首、句中或句末，entire○41250yearstheyruledEngland○42，FrenchdidnotreplaceEnglishasthefirstlanguage.Ontheotherhand○43，theEnglishlanguagedidborrowmanywordsfromFrench.Thisresultedin○44evenmorewordswithsimilarmeanings,suchas○45answer(fromOldEnglish)andreply(fromOldFrench)．Itisinterestingtolearnhowthewordsforanimalsandmeatdeveloped.AftertheNormanConquest,manyEnglishpeopleworkedas○46servants○47whoraised○48animals○49.Therefore○50，thewordsweuseformostanimalsraisedforfood○51，suchascow,sheepandpig,camefromOldEnglish.However,thewordsforthemeatoftheseanimals,whichwasservedtotheNormans○52，camefromOldFrench：beef,mutton○53，porkandbacon○54.但要注意标点。○36theNormanConquest/'kɒŋkwest/诺曼征服(诺曼人对英格兰的军事征服)○37affectvt.影响；感动；(疾病)侵袭effectn．影响havean/noeffecton对……有/没有影响○38leadto“导致”，其中to为介词。○39replace/rI'pleIs/vt.替换，代替，取代○40which引导非限制性定语从句。○41entire/In'taIə(r)/adj.完全的，整个的○42eventhough引导让步状语从句。○43ontheotherhand另一方面○44resultin造成，导致○45suchas诸如，比如○46workas担任，充当○47servant/'sɜːvənt/n.仆人○48raise/reIz/vt.养育，培养；举起；增加，提高；筹募；提及○49who引导定语从句，修饰servants。○50therefore/'ðeəfɔː(r)/adv.因此，所以○51weuse...是定语从句修饰words；rais