morphology(1)英语形态结构解读

Yun-PiYuan1MorphologyI.BasicconceptsandtermsII.DerivationalprocessesIII.InflectionIV.FunctionwordsV.ProblemsinmorphologicaldescriptionVI.InteractionbetweenmorphologyandphonologyVII.CollocationsYun-PiYuan2BasicConceptsandTerms(1)Morphology:Thestudyofthestructureofwords&howwordsareformed(frommorphemes)Morpheme:Thesmallestunitoflanguagethatcarriesmeaning(maybeawordornotaword)Asound-meaningunitAminimalunitofmeaningorgrammaticalfunctionTheleveloflanguageatwhichsoundandmeaningcombineA.Freemorpheme:lexical&functionalmorphemeB.Boundmorpheme:derivational&inflectionalYun-PiYuan3BasicConceptsandTerms(2)Stem(root,base):themorphemetowhichothermorphemesareaddedfree(e.g.teacher,dresses,unkind)Stembound(e.g.inept,unkempt)Yun-PiYuan4FreeMorphemeI.Definition:canoccurbyitself,notattachedtoothermorphemesII.Examples:girl,teach,book,class,the,of,etc.III.TwokindsA.lexicalmorpheme(openclass)1.definition:haslexicalmeaning;newexamplescanbefreelyadded2.examples:N,Verb,Adj,Adv(contentwords)B.functionalmorpheme(closedclass)1.definition:newexamplesarerarelyadded(butnotimpossibletoadd)2.examples:Pro,Prep,Conj,Art.(functionwords)Yun-PiYuan5BoundMorphemeI.Definition:mustbeattachedtoanothermorphemeII.DerivationalmorphemeA.maychangesyntacticclassB.toformnewwordsC.examples:-able,un-,re-,etc.III.InflectionalmorphemeA.DifferentformsofthesamewordB.NotchangesyntacticclassC.Only8kindsinEnglish:-’s,-s(pluralnouns),-ing,-ed/-en,-est,-er,-s(S-Vagreement)Yun-PiYuan6BasicConceptsandTerms(3)Affix:Prefixe.g.UnhappyInfixe.g.Absogoddamlutely(seeNash56)Suffixe.g.happinessYun-PiYuan7Morphemeslexicalfree(openclasses)Morphemesfunctional(closedclasses)boundderivational(affixes)inflectionalYun-PiYuan8ExercisesYun-PiYuan9II.DerivationalProcesses:amethodtogetnewwords1.Derivation:(orDerivationalaffixation,Affixation)2.Compounding:combinetwoormoremorphemestoformnewwords3.Reduplication:fullorpartialrepetitionofamorpheme4.Blending:partsofthewordsthatarecombinedaredeleted5.Clipping:partofawordhasbeenclippedoff6.Acronyms:abbreviatealongertermbytakingtheinitialletters7.Backformation:Aword(usuallyanoun)isreducedtoformanotherwordofadifferenttype(usuallyaverb)8.Extensionofwordformationrules:Partofawordistreatedasamorphemethoughit’snot9.Functionalshift(Conversion):Achangeinthepartofspeech10.PropernamesCommonwords11.Coining:Creatingacompletelynewfreemorpheme12.Onomatopoeia:wordsimitatesoundsinnature13.Borrowing:ThetakingoverofwordsfromotherlanguagesYun-PiYuan101.Derivation(1)Derivation:derivedbyrules;itcanalsobecalledderivationalaffixationoraffixation.A.differentrulese.g.V+affixNN+affixVADJ+affixVN+affixADJB.multiplecombinatione.g.organizationalYun-PiYuan111.Derivation(2)Treestructureof“organizational”ADJNAfVAfNAforganizeationalYun-PiYuan122.Compounding(1)Compounding(compounds):combinetwoormorefreemorphemestoformnewwordsNNNNADJNNNNADJNVNVfireenginegreenhousejumpsuitPwallpaperbluebirdkilljoybookcaseNtextbookPNafterthoughtoutpatientYun-PiYuan132.Compounding(2)NADJADJADJPADJADJADJNADJADJADJPADJnation-widered-hotoverripeskybluefar-fetchedingrownpitchblackoutspokenoutstandingYun-PiYuan142.Compounding(3)NADJVVPVVVVVNVADJVPVVVSpoon-feedwhitewashoutliveblowdrySteam-rollerdrycleanunderestinatebreakdanceYun-PiYuan152.Compounding(4)NNNNNNNNNNNNdogfoodboxstoneagecavemanYun-PiYuan163.ReduplicationReduplication:fullorpartialrepetitionofafreemorpheme;sometimeswithvariationfullpartialwithvariationso-so一點點zigzagbye-bye冷冰冰dilly-dally天天.人人蹦蹦跳hotchpotch來來.往往hodgepodge點點.滴滴mishmash卿卿我我Yun-PiYuan174.BlendingBlending(Blends):similartocompounding,butpartsofthefreemorphemesinvolvedarelost(usually1stpartof1stword+endof2ndword)e.g.brunch(breakfast+lunch)smog(smoke+fog)motel(motor+hotel)newscast(news+broadcast)perma-press(permanentpress)Reaganomics(?+?)fantabulous(?+?)Yun-PiYuan185.ClippingClipping(Clippedforms):partofafreemorphemeiscutoff(i.e.,shorteningapolysyllabicword);oftenincasualspeeche.g.prof.auto(alsoinnames)phys-edlabLizadbikeKathypoli-scipornRondocsubLynYun-PiYuan196.Acronyms(1)Acronyms:abbreviatealongertermbytakingtheinitiallettersA.followthepronunciationpatternsofEngNATO(NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization)TOEFL(TestofEng.asaForeignLanguage)AIDS(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)NASA(NationalAeronautics&SpaceAdministration)Yun-PiYuan206.Acronyms(2)B.IfunpronounceableeachletterissoundedoutseparatelyATM(automatictellermachine)I.Q.(intelligencequotient)MRT(MassRapidTransit)MTV(musictelevision)TVBS(televisionbroadcastingservice)VCR(videocassetterecorder)Yun-PiYuan216.Acronyms(3)C.Customarytosoundouteachletterevenifthecombinedinitialscanbepronounced.AIT(AmericanInstituteinTaiwan)UCLA(Univ.ofCaliforniaatLosAngeles)Yun-PiYuan227.BackformationBackformation:Aword(usuallyanoun)isreducedtoformanotherwordofadifferenttype(usuallyaverb)e.g.editoreditdonationdonateburglarburglezipperziptelevisiontelevisebabysitterbabysitYun-PiYuan238.ExtensionofwordformationrulesExtensionofwordformationrules:Partofawordistreatedasamorphemethoughit’snotburger(mar)athon(alco)holichamburgertelethonworkaholiccheese