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1笔记常用符号和缩略语(Note-taking:UsefulSignsandAbbreviations)1.常用笔记符号:符号信息意义箭头符号↑上升;提高;增强;上涨;增长;扩大;起飞;升空;提拔;晋升(grow,expand,develop,rise,goup,increase,ascend,launch,skyrocket,soar,appreciation,promote,upwards)↓下降;下沉;降低;滑坡;轰炸;减少;恶化;降职;削减/裁减(dropto,bomb,jump,godown,descend,decrease,deteriorate,depreciation,reduce,downwards)↗上扬;渐渐好转(becomebetterandbetter)↘下挫;不断亏损(becomeworseandworse)→出口;去;向前;出国;前往;运往;导致;发展成为…(exportto,enter,arrivein/at,presentto,resultin,sendto,transmitto,leadto,exportto,cause)←回顾;从前;进口;倒退;来自;源于(comefrom,originatefrom,receivefrom,gobackto,importfrom)例如:café←French意为:café源自于法语数学符号+增加;补充;除此之外;另外(furthermore,inadditionto,with,and,besides,etc)—减少;删除;缺乏(minus,lack,deduct,except,subtract)×表示“不对的,错的,坏的,不好的,臭名昭著的”(mistake,incorrect,wrong,bad,inappropriate,notorious)超过,大于,胜过,优于(morethan,biggerthan,surpass,betterthan,superiorto)>>大大超过(muchgreaterthan,muchmorethan)小于,不足,次于,逊色(fewerthan,lessthan,worsethan,inferiorto)<<远远少于(muchlessthan)=等于符号(equal)在听力笔记中相当于“与…一样”(equalto,thesameas),另外可以表示“是…的对手“(arival,acompetitor)等意思。还可以表示“同等”概念(means,thatistosay,inotherwords,thesameas,etc)≠表示否定意思“不等于”(notequalto),“不同”(bedifferentfrom),或者“无敌、不是…对手”(matchless,peerless,nomatchfor)≈表示“大约,左右”(approximately,around,about,orso)∑总和;总数(total,thetotalnumber/sum,totally)∵表示“原因,理由”(because,owingto,thanksto,dueto)∴表示“结果、结论”(therefore,asaresult,consequently,so)标点符号:表示“说,告诉,认为,宣称,声明,抗议,譬如”(say,speak,tell,declare,announce,protest,suchas)?表示“问题,疑问,问”(problem,issue,question,doubt,suspicious,skeptical,ask,puzzle,confused,mystery,bewildered)·(1)表示“观点,意见,注意,论点”(viewpoint,opinion,idea,point)2(2)表示不同的时间概念。如用“d”表示“今天”(today),那么“昨天”(yesterday)即用“·d”表示,“前天”(thedaybeforeyesterday)同理类推,可记为“··d”,3天前(Threedaysago)可写成“·3d”;“d·”表示“明天”(tomor-row),“d··”表示“后天”(thedayaftertomorrow)。!表示“危险,警告,当心,值得注意的是,重要”1)dangerous,warning,alarming,alert,hazardous,perilous,jeopardy,watchout…2)veryimportant,vital,crucial,critical()表示“包括,在…之中”(including,within,among,inside)其他符号@表示“关于”(about,asfor,concerning,withrespectto,etc)表示“我谨代表”(onbehalfof)⊙表示会议室的圆桌(roundtable),中间的一点可以把它看作一个烟灰缸或一个花瓶,因此整个符号表示“会议,开会”(meeting,meet),或者“讨论”(discussion)等意思。其他有关会议的单词有:conference,symposium,convention,session,forum,seminar,council,congress,assembly,gathering,committee,commission,association,union,senate,parliament.∪这个符号形似一个杯子(glass),在听力测试记录中可用来表示“协议、协定、合同”(agreement,contract,treaty,covenant,compact,convention,resolution),因为人们签约时,往往会举杯祝福,非常形象。表示双边协议(BilateralAgreement),三边协议(TrilateralAgreement)或多边协议(Multi-lateralAgreement),也很容易,只要在∪中分别加2,3或m就可以了,即23或m。表示“对立,冲突”(confrontation,conflict)∞表示交流,沟通等(communication,interaction)表示“影响,效果,压力,负担”(influence,effect,affect,impact,havebearingon,pressure,stress,burden,load)♀表示“女性”(woman,female,famine)♂表示“男性”(man,male,masculine)□表示国家(country,state,nation)□表示“出口”(export)□表示“进口”(import)表示“发展”(development,advancement)Λ表示“领导,顶点,顶级,顶峰”1)top,head,peak,uttermost,climax,supreme,crown2)leader,director,chancellor,boss,manager,officer,captain,king,queen,emperor,empress,majesty,dictator,ruler,commander,governor,mayor,administrator,supervisor,monitor,minister,president□表示“国家领导人,政府首脑”(stateleader,governmenthead)&和;与;共同;与…在一起;陪同(and,togetherwith,accompany)√表示“正确,对,好,肯定,著名,同意,支持”(correct,good,affirmative,certain,wellknown,famous,agree,support)°表示“人,人民”(person,people)。如:中°,US°,经°,物°~表示“交流,交换,替代,相互”(exchange,replace,mutual,eachother)3//表示“停顿/止,终止”(stop,halt,complete,finish)表示“渠道”(channel,tunnel,tube,pipe,ditch)表示高兴(happy,glad,pleased,delighted,enjoy)∈表示“属于”(belongto)☆星号常表示“重点,重心,重视,优秀,杰出,”1)important,significant,key,crucial,critical,meaningful,essential,decisive,consequential,2)outstanding,distinguished,marked,remarkable,notable,excellent,perfect,eminent,famous,well-known,well-recognized,great,prominent,prestigious,extraordinary,glorious,noteworthy,grand,magnificent3)wonderful,terrific,fantastic,fabulous,marvelous4)chief,primary,main,major,dominant,overwhelming,most5)emphasize,stress,focus,underscore,underline,highlight,attachgreatimportanceto,laystresson,payattentionto*表示“特征,特点”(feature,character,characteristic,symbol,sign,peculiarity,attribute,quality,nature,trademark,mark,specialty⊕表示“医院,红十字”(hospital,redcross)TM商标£英镑$美元¥人民币2.常用字母所代表的含义y年yearM月monthw周weekh小时hourm分钟minutes秒钟secondd日子,今天day,today.2y两年以前twoyearsagoc世纪centurye经济economyeconomicsf金融finance,financialg政府governmentn多个many,much,severalp政治,政党,政权politics,policy,partys科学,社会science,societyv胜利,成功victory,triumph,success,achievement3.单词的四种常见缩略方法1)省略所有元音,保留部分辅音字母Market–mktManager–mgrMessage–msgStandard–stdReceive–rcvPrepared–ppdBackground–bkgdGovernment–gvtPackage–pkgHotel-htlEstimate-estmtProblem-prblm2)保留前几个字母4Information–infoInsurance–insExchange–excIoweyou–IOUInsteadof–I/OUniversity–uniBiology–bioAssociation–assoIntroduction–introMinimum–minMaximum–maxChemistry–chem.Liberation–libSubject–subDocument–docInternational-int3)保留开头和结尾Week–wkRoom–rmPeople–pl4)保留单词的第一个音节和最后一个或几个辅音字母,用’代替中间的字母。Technology–tech’gygovernment–gov’tgeneralizaiton–gen’nContinued–cont’ddelivery–del’yeducational–educat’lAmount–am’t54.常见词尾的缩略形式*词尾缩略方式举例-ismmS
本文标题:专四听写笔记常用符号和缩略语
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