How-to-make-comparison-and-contrast--Missy

Howtomakecomparisonandcontrast•Definition•Purpose•Qualitiesofeffectivecomparisonandcontrast•Patterns•SignalwordsandsampleexpressionsDefinition•Acomparisonistheprocessofshowinghowthingsarealike;•AcontrastistheprocessofshowingdifferencesExamples•Comparison:Thetelephonewasalsobadnewsformepersonally.(Comparedtomyvillagers,thetelephonewasbadnewstome,too.)•Contrast:Inmycalendar,thatyearofdroughtwillalwaysbeoneofthebeatyearsofmychildhood.But,intheotherhand,theyearofthedroughtwasalsooneoftheworstofmylife.Purpose•Therearetwomainreasonsthatpeopleusecomparisonandcontrast:•1.Toexplain-youmightcompareandcontrastkindsoffood,forinstance,tohelpsomeoneunderstandwhichfoodneedtoberefrigeratedandwhichcanbestoredinacabinetorinabowlonthecounter.•2.Toevaluate-youmightcompareandcontrastkindsoffoodtoshowwhyoneKindoffoodorbrandoffoodisbetterthananother.Forexample,applesareabettersnackthanbutter.Qualitiesofeffectivecomparisonandcontrast•A.clearorganization•B.aclearsenseofpurpose•C.tworelatedandlimitedsubjects.•D.fairlybalancedpointsTypesofComparisonandContrastEssaysPatternsMethodsThesubject-by-subjectpatternToexamineonethingthoroughlyandthenstarttheotherThepoint-by-pointpatternToexaminetwothingsatthesametime,discussingthempointbypointThelikeness-differencespatternToputallthesimilaritiestogetherandallthedifferencestogetherthesubject-by-subjectpatternThesisstatement：Thevillageisquitedifferentfromwhatwasusedtobeaftertelephonewasused.Pattern:SubjectA:pointA1,pointA2,pointA3;SubjectB:pointA1,pointA2,pointA3.Focus:Theaspectsexaminedintwothingsshouldbeidenticalandinthesameorder.Thepoint-by-pointpatternThesisstatement:Boththecharactersandsettingsinthemoviearesimilarwiththose(charactersandsettings)inthebook.Patternpoint1:SubjectA1,SubjectB1;point2:SubjectA2,SubjectB2;point3:SubjectA3,SubjectB3.Focus:AspectsexaminedintwothingsshouldbeidenticalandinthesameorderExamplesSubject-by-subjectpatternPoint-by-pointpatternI.ThelifebeforetelephonewasusedA.LifestyleB.RecreationC.WorkI.LifestyleA.BeforetelephonewasusedB.AftertelephonewasusedII.RecreationA.BeforetelephonewasusedB.AftertelephonewasusedII.ThelifeaftertelephonewasusedA.LifestyleB.RecreationC.WorkIII.WorkA.BeforetelephonewasusedB.AftertelephonewasusedThelikeness-differencepattern•Thesisstatement:Onewaytodecidebetweentwojobsoffersistoevaluatetheirsimilaritiesanddifferencesbeforemakingafinaldecision.•Pattern:SimilaritiesPointA1PointA2DifferencesPointA1PointA2DifferencesbetweentwopatternsGenerallyspeakingthetwopatternsdifferintermsoflanguageaswell,whilesubject-by-subjectarrangementisquitestraightforward,point-by-pointarrangementrequiresmoretransitionsbuttheendproductismoreunderstandableforthereader.Whichpatterntochoose•Patternsubject-by-subjecttendstoworkbetterforshortpapers;patternpoint-by-point,forlongpapers.•Patternsubject-by-subjecttendstoworkbetterwithafewaspects;patternpoint-by-pointworksbetterwithmanyaspects.ThreeGuidelinesYouShouldRemember•EachaspectinSubject1mustalsobediscussedinSubject2.•Eachaspectshouldbediscussedinthesameorderinbothsubjects.•Useappropriatetransitionalwordssuchaslike/unlike,incontrastto,comparedwith,etc.andcomparativeandsuperlativedegreestoachieveunity.Signalwordsofcomparison•Thewordsthatindicatesimilarityinmeaning,suchas“like”,“alike”,“similarto”andsoon.•Thewordsthatexpressparallelinstructure,suchas“either…or…”,“notonly…butalso”,“both…and…”andsoon.Somesampleexpressionsofcomparison•ThereareseveralsimilaritiesbetweenAandB.•AandBhavethesameviewoftheworld.•AandBhavealotincommon.•IncommonwithA,Bprefersmeattofish.•BothAandBhavelonghair.•Alikesfishing.Blikesfishing,too.•Alikesfishing,sodoesB.Signalwordsofcontrast•Thewordsthatexpress“difference”inmeaning,suchas“bedifferentfrom”,“differfrom”,andsoon.•Thewordsthatpresentcomparativedegree,suchas“faster…than”,“taller…than”andsoon.•Thewordsthatindicateaturningorconcession,suchas“though”,“but”andsoon.Somesampleexpressionsofcontrast•UnlikeA,Blikesoutdoorsports.•IncontrasttoA,Blikesoutdoorsports.•DifferentfromA,Blikesoutdoorsports.•AisnotasactiveasB.•Aismore/lessactivethanB.•Alikesindooractivities;however/incontrast/bycontrast/ontheotherhand,Blikesoutdoorsports.Examples•Finally,thetelephonetookmyfamilyaway,too.(P25)Comparison•LiketheotherswholeftMagdalunabeforeme,Iamstilllookingforbetterlife.(P25)Comparison•ButasthedayswentbyfewerandfewermencametoImKaleem’s,andmoreandmorecongregatedatAbuRaja’stowaitbythetelephone.(P22)ContrastThankyou!Missy