Consonants

ConsonantsPlaceofarticulationMannerofarticulationBilabialLabio-DentalDentalAlveolarPalato-alveolarPalatalVelarGlotalPlosive(清)(浊)pbtdkɡFricative(清)(浊)fvθðszʃʒhAffricate(清)(浊)ʧʤNasalmnŋLaterallApproximantwrjEnglishConsonants3pairsofstops爆破音bilabial[bai`leibiəl](双唇音):[p,b]alveolar[æl`viələ](齿龈音):[t,d]velar[`vi:lə](软腭音):[k,g][b,d,g]arevoiced(浊音)[p,t,k,]arevoiceless(清音)[p]+[b][p]and[b]•thelipspressed挤压together.•Thusacompleteobstructionisformed,•theairpassagethroughthemouthcavityisblockedforashorttime.•Thenthelipsarequicklyopened,andtheairescapedwithexplosion.[p]and[b]•1.Aboldspyputabigbombinaporkpie.•2.Theporkpieblewupapoliticianwithabigbang.•3.Putthepensandpencilsbytheparcelonapieceofpaper.•4.Thepoorpeoplewereslippingonthepavementwheretheappleshadbeendropped.Note•Thesilent(不发音的)“b”is•①attheendoftheword(词尾)•②after“m”.（充要条件）comb[kəum]lamb[læm]tomb[tu:m]climb[klaim]•“b”issilentwhenitoccurs(出现)before“t”.debt[det]doubt[daut]subtle[sΛtl][t]and[d][t]and[d]•Theairpassageiscompletelyblockedbyraisingthesoftpalate(软腭)andraisingthetipofthetongue(舌尖)totheteethridge(牙龈).•Whenthetongueismovedfromtheteethridgetheairsuddenlyescapesfromthemouthwithanexplosion(爆破).[t]and[d]Spellingsof[t]•1)t,tt(regular规则的)----take,better,etc.•2)-ed----waked,laughed,etc.Notice•“t”inthecombination(字母组合)“-stle”,or•“-sten”issilent.•Forexample:castle[`ka:sl]whistle[`wisl]listen[`lisn]fasten[`fa:sn]Spellingsof[d]•1)d,dd(regular)----do,dear,ladder,odd•2)–ed----tired,played,cleaned,robbed.•Pronunciationsof“-ed”•Theending“-ed”,•addedtoregularEnglishverbs(规则的英语动词)toformthepasttense(过去式)andpastparticiple(过去完成式),hasthreedifferentpronunciations.•1)[d],afterallvoicedconsonants(浊辅音)except[d],andafterallvowelsounds.•plannedjudgedplayedrowed•2)[t],afterallvoicelessconsonants清辅音knockedwashed•3)[id],asaseparatesyllable一个单独的音节,after[t,d].protected[prə`tektid]intended[in`tendid]Exception例外agroupofadjectives(形容词)endin“–ed”looklikeverbs(动词),theendingispronouncedas[id]:•anaked[neikid]child•awicked[wikid]idea•awretched[retid]day[k]and[g][k]and[g]•Theairpassageiscompletelyblockedbyraisingthesoftpalate(软腭)andraisingthebackofthetongue(后舌)totouchthesoftpalate.•Whenthetongueisloweredfromthesoftpalate,theairsuddenlyescapethroughthemouthwithanexplosivesound.[k]and[g]Spellingsof[k]•1)c,cc(exceptbeforee,i,y)----•can,corn,accord•2)k,ck(regular)----•cake,king,back,clock•3)ch(beforerorafters)----•Christmas,chronicle编年史•4)qu,-que----•conquer,uniqueSpellingsof[g]•1)g,gg----get,bigger•2)gu,-gue----guide,dialogue•3)–gu-[gw]inthemiddleofwords----•language,distinguish,linguistics•4)gh----ghost1Howmanycookiescouldagoodcookcookifagoodcookcouldcookcookies?2Agoodcookcouldcookasmanycookiesasagoodcookwhocouldcookcookies.•3Thegardenovergrownwithgrassisnogoodfortheguests.•4Theguardhasgonetothegardentodigagraveforhisbigdog.[p,t,k]areusuallyaspirated[`æspəreitid](送气的),buttheyarenotaspiratedwhenprecededby前面有[s]inastressedsyllable重读音节.[p][b]:depend----spendpot----spot[t][d]:tar----startill----still[k][g]:cool----schoolcare----scareTheyhavenoexplosion(爆破)whenfollowedbyanotherplosiveconsonant.•[d]kind---kindpeople•[t]sweet---sweetpotatoes•[t]strict---strictparents•[g]lag---lagbehind•[d]old---anolddoctor•[t]modest---amodestprofessor•5.Theprincipaloftheprimaryschoolhaskeptapoundtopayforthepapersofhispoorpupils.•6.Bothofthemlivedabroadbeforethebabywasborn.•7.Besuretobringthebigbooksbackfromthebookstore.•8.BringBetty'sbestbatandballtothebeachoftheBlackSea.语音练习（二）[e]和[p][b][t][d][k][g]A.朗读下列单词：•testpenpencil•reddeskbed•restbreakfastleg•breadpetinternetB.朗读下列句子：•Birdsofafeatherflocktogether.•物以类聚，人一群分。•Twoheadsarebetterthanone.•三个臭皮匠胜过一个诸葛亮。•Let’smakethingsbetter.•让我们做得更好。•Betterlatethannever.•迟到（做）总比不做好。Next…Fricatives摩擦音Fricatives摩擦音Thereare9consonantswhichhavefrictionastheirmostimportantfeature.Theyare[f,v,s,z,θ,ð,,ʒ,h].Forallofthem,thelungspushairthroughanarrowpassagewhereitcausesfrictionofvariouskinds.[f]and[v][f]and[v]•Theyareproducedwiththelowerlip下嘴唇raisedtotheedge边缘oftheupperteeth上齿,forming形成aflat扁平的narrowing.•Theairpassesthroughitwithfriction.•afootballfanavolleyballvan•Therough,toughruffians/`rΛfiən/暴徒makefiercefacestofrightenthefourfriends.Thefriendsfightofftheruffians.•Fouroafs/əuf/傻瓜fallflatonthefloor,andtherestfleeinfear.［f］[v]Everyevening,VicandVivvisitEva.VicandVivarerivals.BothvowtoloveEvaforever.ButEvaisveryvain.Vivienneisvivaciousandfullofverve.Eventually,VicgivesEvaupandgoesovertoVivienne,leavingEvatoViv.Wordswith[f]•f----faceleafaftersofa•ff----affectaffortoff•ph----physicsphotophoenix/fi:niks/•gh----coughenoughlaugh•fe----lifeknife•Spellingsof/v/vvain,over,review[s]and[z][s]and[z]•Inproducing/s,z/：thetipofthetongue(舌尖)isveryclosetotheteethridge(齿龈).Theairpassesbetweentheteethridgeandthetipofthetonguewithfriction.•Forexample:bus----buzzsip----zipSpellingsof[s]•1)s,ss(usual)----soapescapepassmiss•2)c(before“e,i,y”)----piececoncertcitypencilcycle•3)sc(beforei,e)----sciencescene•4)x[ks]----boxfixfoxSpellingsof[z]•1)s(betweentwovowels)•desiremusicdesign•2)s(betweenavowelandasilent“e”)ris