句法学(Syntax)课件

句法学（Syntax）课件1.Whatissyntax?•Abranchoflinguisticsthatstudieshowwordsarecombinedtoformsentencesandtherulesthatgoverntheformationofsentences.2.Categories（范畴）Categoryreferstoagroupoflinguisticitemswhichfulfillthesameorsimilarfunctionsinaparticularlanguagesuchasasentence,anounphraseoraverb.2.1Lexicalcategories•Englishmajorlexicalcategories实义语类•Noun(Nstudent,lecture,John•Verb(V):like,read,go•Adjective(Adj):tall,lovely,red•Adverb(adv):loudly,constantly,hard•Englishminorlexicalcategories功能语类•(Det):the,a,this,his•Auxiliary(Aux):can,will,do,do,be,have•Prepositio(pron):he,she,us,mine•Conjunction(Conj):and,or,but,while]•Interjection(Int):Oh,ah,eh2.2grammaticalcategories:number,gender,tense,mood,case,person,concord(一致），government（支配关系）,etc.•Averbistoagreewiththesubjectinpersonandinnumber.InEnglish,thisruleonlyaffectstheverbaccordingtothenumberofthesubject.(e.g.Theboygoestoschool.Theboysgotoschool.)2.2.1Concord(一致关系)•Theideaofgovernmentisthewayinwhichcertainprepositionsandverbsdeterminethecaseofnouns.•InEnglish,prepositionsandverbsrequireorrestrictparticularformsoftheparadigms(聚合体，词形变化)ofpronounsaccordingtothesyntacticrelationbetweenthem.(e.g.Imustlearnfromthem.Theypleasedmetheotherday.)2.2.2Government(支配关系)2.3Functionalcategories•subject,•predicate,•object,•complement,•adverbial.2.4Phrasalcategoriesandtheirstuctures•NP名词短语:atallman,thestudent•VP动词短语:readabook,walkinthepark•PP介词短语:inthepark,afterdark•AP形容词短语:quiterude,veryanxiousPhrasestuctureruleTheXPruleTheXstandsfortheheadofN,A,VandP.TheXbartheory（X杠理论）Thecoordinaterule3.Sentence（句子）3.1Thesentencerule•Normallyasentenceconsistsofatleastasubjectanditspredicate→InflTenseandagreement3.2Typesofsentences句子类型StructuralApproach•Thesimplesentence简单句•Thecoordinatesentence并列句•Thecomplexsentence复合句FunctionalApproach•declarative(陈述句),•interrogative(疑问句),•imperative(祈使句),•exclamatory(感叹句).immediateconstituent（直接成分）Constituent(构成成分)ultimateconstituent（最终成分）IC（直接成分）:Canbefurthersegmenteduntilweobtainthesmallestgrammaticalunits.UC（最终成分）:Thesmallestgrammaticalunitobtainedthroughsegmentation.3.3ICAnalysis(直接成分分析法):ICAnalysisreferstodividethesentenceupintoimmediateconstituentsbyusingbinarycuttinguntilobtainingitsultimateconstituents.（把句子按其组成部分/成分用两进制切分法/二分法一直划到最小的语法单位－又称最终成分－词素。）•Theanalysiscanbecarriedoutinwaysofbracketing(括号法）uprightlines（竖线法）treediagrams(树形法）Treediagrams•树形图最为直观，不仅显示出句子的线性结构，而且清楚地表明其阶层结（hierarchicalstructure）。•egAambiguitysentence:Theboysawthemanwithatelescope.•notonlyshowslinearrelationship,butalsohierarchicalones.•helpstoaccountfortheambiguityofcertainconstructions.Forexample:oldmenandwomenoldmenandwomenTheadvantageofICAnalysisTherewillbeaproblemastowheretomakethenextcut.Thisiscalleddiscontinuityandsuchconstituentsarecalleddiscontinuousconstituents（非连续成分）.e.g.look…up,bring…in,help…out,lookforwardto,etc.直接成分分析法把话语一直分到词素，忽略了词和习语作为词汇单位的整体作用。如：look…up,bring…in,help…out,lookforwardto,三长两短，七上八下，如果切分到词素，就会忽视习语的整体意义，从而破坏语义的完整性。AdisadvantageofICAnalysis3.4Transformations3.4.1Deepstructure&surfacestructureThestructureofthesentenceasitispronouncedorwritteniscalledthesurfacestructure.•Thestructurethatcontainsalltheunitsandrelationshipsthatarenecessaryforinterpretingthemeaningofthesentenceiscalledthedeepstructure.Forexample:Flyingplanescanbedangerous.这是一个多义结构，可解释为：a.Theactionofflyingplanescanbedangerous.驾驶飞机是危险的。b.Planesthatflycanbedangerous.飞着的飞机是危险的。以上句中的表层结构（词语和词序）相同，但语义却不同，既同一个表层结构，有两个深层结构。3.4.2SyntacticmovementandmovementrulesAux-movement助动词移动DoinsertionWH-movementWH移动NP-movement名词短语移动Aux-movement（助动词移动）•Themovementofanauxiliaryverbtothesentence-initialposition,suchasbe,have,do,will,can,andshould.eg.Johnwillbuyapresent.WillJohnbuyapresent?Doinsertion•InsertinterrogativedointoanemptyInflpositioneg.Birdsfly.Birdsdofly.Dobirdsfly?WH-movement•WH-movementisobligatoryinEnglish,whichchangesasentencefromaffirmativetointerrogative.eg.Johnwillbuywhat.WhatwillJohnbuy?JohnwillputbookswhereWherewillJohnputbooks?NP-movement•NPmovementoccurs發生when,forexample,asentencechangesfromtheactivevoice主動tothepassivevoice被動.•eg.JohnkissedMary.MarywaskissedbyJohn.Thanksforyourattention.