高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧

高考英语阅读理解主旨大意题解题技巧摘要：毫无疑问，阅读理解在英语能力考查中占着举足轻重的地位，考纲中明确要求考生能读懂书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文段以及公告、说明、广告等，并能从中获取相关信息。并规定：考生应能理解主旨要义，理解具体信息，根据上下文推断单词和短语的含义，作出判断和推理，理解文章的基本结构，并理解作者的意图、观点和态度。而大多数的高三英语老师都有这样的体会：在对每次考试进行总结时，都会发现学生在阅读理解这一部分失分最多的就是主旨大意题，所以我们在复习备考中要予以重视，只有了解此题型的特点及解题技巧，才能对症下药，减少失分。本文结合近几年的高考新课标全国卷的一些典型例题来谈谈主旨大意题的特点及解题技巧。关键词：阅读理解主旨大意题，解题技巧一、定义主旨大意题主要是考查考生略读文章，领会大意的能力，它对考生的归纳，概括能力有一定的要求，一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题、标题或目的设题。二、常见主旨大意题题目类型1.概括文章主题思想2.选出文章最佳标题3.推断文章出处4.推断文章读者5.推断文章目的6.推断作者态度7.推断文章类型三、常见主旨大意题提问方式1.Whatisthemainideaofparagraph1?(2012,课标全国卷1)2.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?(2016,课标全国卷1)3.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?(2013,课标全国卷1)4.Thetextisespeciallyhelpfulforthosewhocareabout_____.(2015,课标全国卷2)5.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellus?(2013,课标全国卷1)6.Whatistheauthor’sopiniononcramming?(2012,课标全国卷1)7.Whattypeofwritingisthistext?(2014,课标全国卷1)四、各类型主旨大意题典型实例及解题技巧1.概括文章主题思想实例1(2012,课标全国卷)Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedeversince.Amanwhohasnothadachancetogoswimmingforyearscanstillswimaswellaseverwhenhegetsbackinthewater.Hecangetonabicycleaftermanyyearsandstillrideaway.Hecanplaycatchandhitaballaswellashisson.AmotherwhohasnotthoughtaboutthewordsforyearscanteachherdaughterthepoemthatbeginsTwinkle,twinkle,littlestarorrememberthestoryofCinderellaorGoldilocksandtheThreeBears.67.Whatisthemainideaofparagraph1?解题思路：一篇文章或一段文章主题思想的标志性语句往往出现在第一句或最后一句，而本篇第一段的主题思想在第一句有明显体现，见加粗部分，讲的是成年人经常感叹他们对儿时学过的东西记得特别好，可以轻松地选出正确答案A。2.选出文章最佳标题实例2(2016,课标全国卷1)Themeaningofsilencevariesamongculturalgroups….ManyNativeAmericansvaluesilenceandfeelitisabasicpartofcommunicatingamongpeople,justassometraditionalChineseandThaipersonsdo.…Otherculturesmayusesilenceinotherways,particularlywhendealingwithconflictsamongpeopleorinrelationshipsofpeoplewithdifferentamountsofpower.…Nursesandothercare-giversneedtobeawareofthepossiblemeaningsofsilencewhentheycomeacrossthepersonalanxietytheirpatientsmaybeexperiencing.…35.Whatmaybethebesttitleforthetext?A.SoundandSilenceB.WhatItMeanstoBeSilentC.SilencetoNativeAmericaD.SpeechIsSilver;SilenceIsGold解题思路：一般来说，每段第一句可体现一个段落的主题思想，而本篇第一句恰恰体现了整篇的大意，说的是沉默的意义在各个文化群体的不同，故选B.而A项声音和沉默，文中未提到声音。C项片面地说美国人。D项说话是银，沉默是金，与文章内容不符。3.推断文章出处实例3(2013,课标全国卷1)Thebabyisjustonedayoldandhasnotyetlefthospital.Sheisquietbutalert(警觉)．Twentycentimetersfromherfaceresearchershaveplacedawhitecardwithtwoblackspotsonit.Shestaresatitcarefully.Aresearcherremovesthecardandreplacesitbyanother，thistimewiththespotsdifferentlyspaced….Ordonewbornssimplyprefermoretofewer?Thesameexperiment，butwiththreespotsshownbeforetwo，showsthesamereturnofinterestwhenthenumberofspotschanges.Perhapsitisjustthenewness?…4.Wheredoesthistextprobablycomefrom?A．Sciencefiction.B．Children’sliterature.C．Anadvertisement.D．Asciencereport.解题思路：本题需要总结主题，进行推断，并且文章并没有明显的主题句，需从文章找出researcher，Thesameexperiment这些关键词，了解到文章通过研究人员的实验，来证明婴儿具备感知数量的能力。故这篇最有可能出自科学报告，而非科幻小说、儿童文学或广告。4.推断文章读者实例4(2015,课标全国卷2)Yourhousemayhaveaneffectonyourfigure.Expertssaythewayyoudesignyourhomecouldplayaroleinwhetheryoupackonthepoundsorkeepthemoff.youcanmakeyourenvironmentworkforyouinsteadofagainstyou.Herearesomewaystoturnyourhomeintopartofyourdietplan….25.Thetextisespeciallyhelpfulforthosewhocareabout____.A.theirhomecomfortB.theirbodyshapeC.housebuyingD.healthydiet解题思路：从本文一二两句主题句可知，本文的阅读对象主要是那些关心自己体形的人。所以选B项。5.推断文章目的实例5(2013,课标全国卷1)Somepeoplewilldojustaboutanythingtosavemoney.AndIamoneofthem….Itellyouthisbecausethereisnoshameingettingyourmoney’sworth.I’malsotightfistedwhenitcomestoshoes,clothesformychildren,andexpensiverestaurants.ButIwouldn'thesitatetospendonagoodhaircut.Itkeepsitsshapelonger,andit'sthefirstthingpeoplenotice.AndIwillalsospendonaclassicpieceoffurniture.Qualitylasts.59.Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellus?A.Howtoexposebadtricks.B.Howtoreserveairlineseats.C.Howtospendmoneywisely.D.Howtomakeabusinessdeal.【答案】C解题思路：主旨大意题，通读全文，把握大意，尤其是最后一段第一句（我告诉你们这个是因为得到金钱的价值并不是一件让人羞愧的事），说明作者所要告诉我们的就是C项Howtospendmoneywisely.6.推断作者态度实例6(2012,课标全国卷1)Grown-upsareoftensurprisedbyhowwelltheyremembersomethingtheylearnedaschildrenbuthaveneverpracticedstillswimaswellasevereversince.…Bycramming,astudentmaylearnthesubjectwellenoughtogetbyontheexamination,butheislikelysoontoforgetalmosteverythinghelearned.Alittleoverlearning.ontheotherhand,isreallynecessaryforone'sfuturedevelopment.70.Whatistheauthor'sopiniononcramming?A.Itleadstofailureincollegeexams.B.It'shelpfulonlyinalimitedway.C.It'spossibletoresultinpoormemory.D.Itincreasesstudents'learninginterest.解题思路：本文从过度学习法则的解释，到最后作者讲述自己的观点，所以主要在最后一段得知，突击学习对于考试虽有帮助，但不利于大学的学习，故选B这里的转折连词but。7.推断文章类型实例7(2014,课标全国卷1)TheCambridgeScienceFestivalCuriosityChallengeDaretoTaketheCuriosityChallenge!TheCambridgeScienceFestival(CSF)ispleasedtoinformyouofthesixthannualCuriosityChallenge.…Theprogramguidelinesandotherrelatedinformationareavailableat:解题思路：从文章的标题，及最后一段告知的可咨询信息的网址得知，这是一则通知，介绍了一个活动项目，鼓励学生参加，故选C。五、总结主旨大意题的解题技巧1.重视文章开