最全定语从句讲义

高中定语从句重难点系统讲解（一）定义及相关术语1．定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2．先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3．关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that,which,who,whom,whose,as等；关系副词有when,where,why等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：A、引导定语从句；B、代替先行词；C、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如：Themanwhoisshakinghandswithmyfatherisapoliceman.该句中whoisshakinghandswithmyfather是定语从句，修饰先行词theman，“who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词theman，在定语从句中作主语。（二）关系代词引导的定语从句1.who指人，在定语从句中作主语。TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。Thosewhowanttogotothemuseummustbeattheschoolgateat7tomorrowmorning.YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.昨天我帮助了一位迷路的老人。Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.那就是教我们物理的老师。2.whom指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.你正在等的教授已经来了。Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.老师常表扬的那个女孩是我们班长。注意：关系代词whom在口语或非正式文体中常可用who来代替，也可省略。略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3.Which指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.他喜欢外国作家写的书。Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.这是他昨天买的钢笔。Thefilm(which)theywenttoseelastnightwasnotinterestingatall.4.That指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which.。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeachyearreachesonemillion.Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.春天以后的季节是夏季。5.Whose通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallenin.注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.=Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?=Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?（三）“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词+关系代词”引出。Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.他曾经就读过的学校很出名。TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.TomorrowI’llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.明天我将把你要的杂志带来。Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtenniswithyesterday.这是我昨天跟他打台球的男孩。We’llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.We’llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.ThemanagerwhosecompanyIworkinpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.ThemanagerinwhosecompanyIworkpaysmuchattentiontoimprovingourworkingconditions.我工作的那家公司的经理十分注意改善我们的工作条件。注意：１．含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。如：lookfor,lookafter,takecareof等。这是我正在找的手表。(正)Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(误)ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.那个保姆照看的小宝宝们都很健康。(正)Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(误)Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.２．若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用who,that；关系代词指物时只可用which，不可用that。关系代词是所有格时用whose。你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。(正)Themanwithwhomyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.(误)Themanwiththat/whoyoutalkedjustnowismyneighbour.我们去加拿大所乘坐的飞机实在很舒服。(正)TheplaneinwhichweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.(误)TheplaneinthatweflewtoCanadawasreallycomfortable.３．“介词+关系代词”前还可有some,any,none,all,both,neither,many,most,each,few等代词或者数词。如：Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.Inthebaskettherearequitemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.Therearefortystudentsinourclassinall,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.Uptonow,hehaswrittentenstories,threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.（四）关系副词引导的定语从句1．when指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。①IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.②Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.③October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople’sRepublicofChinawasfounded.④Doyouremembertheyearswhenhelivedinthecountrysidewithhisgrandparents.2．where指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。①ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.②ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.③Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.③Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?3．why指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。①Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.请告诉我你误机的原因。②Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。③Idon’tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句来表示。如：④Fromtheyearswhen/inwhichhewasgoingtoprimaryschoolinthecountryhehadknownwhathewantedtobewhenhegrewup.⑤Greatchangesaretakingplaceinthecitywhere/inwhichtheylive.⑥Thereasonwhy/forwhichherefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.（五）限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上：不用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“．．．的”关系词的使用上：A．作宾语时可省略B．可用thatC．可用who代替whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：A．不可省略B．不用thatC．不可用who代替whom1.限制性定语从句举例：①TheteachertoldmethatTomwastheonlypersonthatIcoulddependon.②Chinaisacountrywhichhasalonghistory.③InthestreetIsawamanwhowasfromAfrica.2.非限制性定语从句举例：①Hismother,wholoveshimverymuch,isstrictwithhim.②China,whichwasfoundedin1949,isbecomingmoreandmorepowerful.③LastsummerIvisitedthePeople’sGreatHall,inwhichmanyimportantmeetingsareheldeveryyear.（一）限制性定语从句中只能用that引导定语从句的情况1．当先行词是everything,anything,nothing(something除外),all,none,few,little,some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every,any,all,some,no