语音学Phonetics

2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook1AnIntroductiontoPhoneticsSangZh-G+1.basicsofPhonetics+2.fluencyandaccuracyofspeaking+3.GA&GB:Experiencewiththedifferences2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook2+1.Definition+2.Branches+3.PhoneticDescription+4.PhoneticTranscription+5.PhoneticClassification2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook3+Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsoundsaswellasthemethodsfortheirdescription,transcriptionandclassification.+Phoneticsisabranchoflinguisticsthatstudiesspeechsoundswithregardtotheirarticulation,physicalproperties,andperception.2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook4+1.What’sthephonicmediumoflanguage?+2.Whatarespeechsounds?2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook5+1.Thephonicmediumoflanguagereferstothelimitedrangeofsoundswhicharemeaningfulinhumancommunication.+2.Speechsoundsreferstotheindividualsoundswhichthephonicmediumoflanguage.2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook62020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook7+Thestudyfallsintothreemainareas:articulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandauditoryphonetics.SpeechproductionSpeechperceptionSpeechtransmissionFigure1Theprocessofspeechtransmission+Lips,teeth,tongue(tip,blade,front,back,root)teethridge(alveolus),hardpalate,softpalate,uvula(小舌),pharynx（咽）,larynx（喉）,vocalfold(cords),trachea(windpipe),lung.2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook8Figure2Speechorgans+A.Thepharyngealcavity:+13windpipe,12glottis/vocalcords,11pharyngealcavity+B.Theoralcavity:+1/2lips,3/4teeth,5teethridge(alveolus),6hardpalate,7softpalate(velum),14uvula,8tipoftongue,9bladeoftongue,10backoftongue+C.Nasalcavity:152020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook9咽腔1415+Segmentanddivergence+InternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)+Coarticulation2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook10+Segment:anylinguisticunitinasequencewhichmaybeisolatedfromtherestofthesequence,e.g.asoundinanutteranceoraletterinawrittentext.(Feasibility)+Divergence:betweensoundsandsymbols(necessity)2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook11+Historyanddevelopment:1886,1888,1897,1920s,1993,1996.+Mainprinciple:thereshouldbeaseparateletterforeachdistinctivesound,andthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.+TableofIPA(onPage38ofthetextbook)2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook12+1.IPA(InternationalPhoneticAlphabet):+Astandardizedandinternationallyacceptedsystemofphonetictranscription.Thepresentonemainlyderivesfromonedevelopedinthe19202bytheBritishphonetician,DanielJones(1881-1967),revisedin1993,corrected(updated)in1996.2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook13+1.Diacritics（发音符号/辨音符）:thesetofsymbolsinIPA,whichareaddedtotheletter-symbolstobringoutfinerdistinctionsthanthelettersalonemaypossiblydo.+Leaf[li:f],feel[fi:ł];pit[phit],spit[spit]2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook14+2.Broadtranscription（宽式音标）：+Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolsonly./_/+3.Narrowtranscription（严式音标）:+Thetranscriptionofsoundswithletter-symbolstogetherwiththediacritics.[_]2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook15+Coarticulation:theinfluenceonasoundbyitsneighborse.g.cap[kap]can[kan]Thevowelinthesecondwordisnasalized,thusmarkedwith“”above.+Broadandnarrowtranscriptions:withoutorwithdiacriticse.g.can[kan](broad)can[kan](narrow)2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook16___2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook17VowelsandconsonantsClassificationofconsonantsClassificationofvowels+气流由肺部发出，经过口腔能自由呼出不受阻碍，而且声带颤动，这样发出的声音就是元音。如a、i等。+气流从肺部呼出后，经过口腔时，在一定部位受到阻碍，除几个浊辅音（m、n、ng、l、r）外，声带不颤动，这样发出的语音就是辅音。如b、p等。声母和辅音的关系如何？+声母和辅音是两个不同的概念。声母是从分析音节结构的角度划分出来的，而辅音是从分析音素性质的角度提出来的。与元音比较，辅音的主要特征是：气流在发音器官中受到一定程度的阻碍或阻塞，气流较强，发音器官参与节制气流的部分肌肉紧张。声母是由辅音充当的，但辅音并不都是声母。如“光”(guāng)这个音节中的“ng”，它是辅音，但它处在音节里后面的部位，因此它不是声母。又如“难”(nán)这个音节，前后都有“n”，它是辅音，处在音节开头的是声母，处在音节末尾的是韵母，并不是声母。+韵母和元音的关系如何？韵母和元音不是同一个概念。韵母是就音素在音节中的位置讲的，元音是就音素的性质而言的。元音的主要特征是：气流在口腔中不受阻碍，气流较弱，发音器官肌肉均衡紧张，正常发音时声带振动。元音可以单独作韵母，如：a、o、e、i、u、ü等，这些韵母是由复合元音充当的，又如：an、en、in、ün等，这些韵母是由元音带上鼻辅音韵尾构成的。由上面的例子可以看出，凡是元音都可以做韵母或作为韵母的一个组成部分，但韵母不全是元音，辅音n、ng也可以和元音结合起来做韵母。可见韵母的范围比元音大。2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook18PlacemannerBilabialLabiodentalDentalAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalVelarGlottalStoppbtdkgNasalmnηFricativefvθðsz∫3hApproximantwrjLaterallAffricatet∫d32020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook195.2ClassificationofconsonantsTable1AchartofEnglishconsonants2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook20Monophthongs(purevowels)anddiphthongs(vowelglides)Tonguerising:open(low),half-open(mid-low),half-close(mid-high),closeRaisedpart:front,central,backTenseness(length):tense(long),lax(short)Liprounding:rounded,unrounded2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook21+AdichotomyofEnglishspeechsounds:+1.Vowels:Speechsoundswhichareproducedwithnoobstructionwhatsoeverofthevocaltract,sonoturbulenceoratotalstoppingoftheaircanbeperceived.+2.Consonants:Speechsoundswhichareproducedbyconstrictingorobstructingthevocaltractatsomeplacetodivert,impede,orcompletelyshutofftheflowofairintheoralcavity.2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook22+1.Intermsofmannerofarticulation:+A.stops/plosives:[p][b][t][d][k][g]+B.fricatives:[f,v,s,z,+,+,+,+,h]+C.affricates:[+,+]+D.liquids:lateral[l],retroflex（卷舌）[r]+E.nasals:[m,n,ŋ]+F.glides/semivowels:[w,j]2020/3/24Linguistics:ACoursebook23+2.Intermofplaceofarticula