as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别

as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别1.as引导的非限制性定语从句1)位置灵活，可以置于主句的句首、句中或句末；2)先行词不可是一个词，必须是整个主句或主句的部分内容；3)有“正如、像”等意思，表依据、评论（、态度、看法）等；如：a.Thiselephantislikeasnake，asanybodycansee．像任何人都能看见那样，这头象像条蛇。b.Hefailedintheexam,aswehadexpected.c.Tomhaspassedthetest,aseverybodyknows.正如每个人所了解的那样，汤姆通过了考试。【比较：Bambooishollow，whichmakesitverylight．竹子是空的，这就使得它很轻。】4)常用以下谓语动词的主、被动语态：know,see,say,expect,imagine,hope,believe,announce,suggest,report,pointout…,例：a.主动（做宾）：asweallknow,asyouknow,aseverybodyknows;asyousee,aswecansee,aswehaveseen,asanybodycansee;aswasexpected;aswecanimagine,aswehaveimagined…a)Asweallknow,theearthisround.b)Hewasaforeigner,asIknowfromhisaccent.c)Mike,asweexpected,attendedthemeeting．像我们所期望的那样，迈克参加了会议。b.被动（做主）：asisknowntoeverybody,asisknowntoall;ashasbeenexpected;asisoftenthecase(with…)，ashasbeenpointedout,asisusualwith,asisreportedinthenewspaper…a)Heisanhonestman,asisknowntoall.b)Asisoftenthecasewithyoungpeople,hewasoverconfident.c)Hewasn'tunconscious，ascouldbejudgedfromhiseyes．他并未失去知觉，这从他的眼神可以判断出来。2.which引导非限制性定语从句1)只能置于句中或句末（即不可置于句首，只能置于先行词之后）；2)先行词即可是一个词，也可是整个主句或主句的部分内容；是整个主句时，从句谓语动词用三单。a.HeseemsnottohavegraspedwhatImeant,whichgreatlyupsetsme.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。b.Liquidwaterchangestovapor,whichiscalledevaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。c.Hestudiedhardatschoolwhenhewasyoung,whichleadstohissuccessinhislaterlife.3)有“这、这一点”等意思，表事实、状态、起因、转折、让步等；如：a.Bambooishollow，whichmakesitverylight．竹子是空的，这就使得它很轻。b.Herhouse,whichwasbuiltahundredyearsago,stoodstillintheearthquake.她的房子尽管是一百多年前建造的，但他在地震过后依然耸立。（让步）【比较：Hefailedintheexam,aswehadexpected.】c.Hewaslateagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.(先行词是一个句子)d.Hewasproud,whichIdislikeverymuch.e.Hewasproud,whichhisbrotherneverwas.f.Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.g.Shewasawardedagoldmedal,whichthewholefamilyconsideredagreathonour.4)常用“prep.＋which”结构a.Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatasmallboy.b.Heisalibraryassistant,fromwhomIborrowedsomebooks.c.Itisafamousschool,fromwhichhegraduated3yearsago.d.Heismyson,againstwhomabettersondoesnotexist．e.Hestoodatthewindow,fromwhich(/where)hecouldseewhatwashappening.f.Thereisatalltreeoutside,underwhich(/where)standsourteacher.5)用“n./pron./num./adj比较或最高级+prep.+which/whom”结构，表示先行词的一部分a.Theytalkedaboutamovie,thenameofwhichI'veneverforgotten．他们谈论过一部电影，我决不会忘记片名。b.Hepaidtheboy$10forwashingtenwindows,mostofwhichhadn'tbeencleanedforatleastayear.c.InSydneytheChineseteamgot28goldmedals，16.5ofwhichwerewonbywomen．在悉尼奥运会，中国队夺得了28枚金牌，其中16．5枚是女子夺得的。d.Chinahasalotofrivers,thesecondlongestofwhichistheYellowRiver.e.Chinahasthousandsofislands，thelargestofwhichisTaiwan．中国有数千个岛屿，其中最大的是台湾岛。6)先行词是独一无二的事物或是专有名词时。a.Themoon，whichdoesn'tgiveoutlightitself，isonlyasatelliteoftheearth．月球本身不发光，它只是地球的一个卫星。b.CharlesSmith,whowasmyformerteacher,retiredlastyear.查理去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。c.Mr.Zhang,whocametoseemeyesterday,isanoldfriendofmine.d.Beijing,whichhasbeenChina'scapitalformorethan800years,isrichinculturalandhistoricrelics.北京是中国八百年之久的古都,它有着丰富的文化和历史遗产。e.TheNile，whichusedtofloodeveryyear，nowrunsmoreregularlybelowthedam．尼罗河年年涨洪水，现在比较正常地在大坝下面流过了。f.LastyearhewenttoEgypt，whichisinAfrica．他去年去了埃及，埃及在非洲。g.We'llgraduateinJuly,whenwewillbefree.我们将于七月份毕业，到那时我们就自由了。7)先行词被物主代词和指示代词修饰时a.Myhouse,whichIboughtlastyear,hasgotalovelygarden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。b.Myfamily，whichhas35people，isalargeone．我家有35口人，是一个大家庭。c.Thisnovel,whichIhavereadthreetimes,isverytouching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。8)先行词是表人的职业、品质、身份等名词，作定语从句的表语，主从句之间含对比的意思。a.Mike'sbrotherisapoliceman，whichheisn't．迈克的哥哥是警察，他可不是。b.Hersisterhasbecomealawyer,whichshewantedtobe.她的妹妹成为了一名律师，而这是她曾经的愿望。9)在否定意义的非限制性定语从句里（即否定意义的非限制性定语从句不可用as引导。）a.Tomhaspassedthetest,whichnobodyknows.汤姆通过了考试，但却没人知道。b.Hecametomybirthdayparty，whichIdidn'texpectatall．他来参加我的生日聚会了，这我完全没有想到。c.LiLingisveryclever，whichLiLongisn't．李玲很聪明，李珑可不是。d.Hemarriedher,whichwasunexpected.e.Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.a.Tomhaspassedthetest,asnobodyknows.(×)b.Hemarriedher,aswasunexpected.(×)c.Hecametomybirthdayparty，asIdidn'texpectatall.我完全没有想到，他来参加我的生日聚会。(×)d.LiLingisveryclever，asLiLongisn't.李玲很聪明，李珑可不是。(×)3.互换条件：1)非限定从中的as表依据评论，which表事实状态等，但差别不大时可互换。2)注意位置：which引导的非限制性定语从句不能置于句首。例如：a.Heisquitepleased,as/whichcanbeseenfromhisface.他非常高兴，从他的表情可以看出来。b.Youalwaysworkhard,as/whicheveryoneknows.大家都知道，你一向勤奋学习。c.Ascanbeseenfromhisskin,hemustbefromAfrica.=HemustbefromAfrica,which/ascanbeseenfromhisskin.d.Aswehaveseen,oceanscovermorethan70percentoftheearth.=Oceanscovermorethan70percentoftheearth,aswehaveseen.e.Asyouknow,Jackisanhonestman.=Jackisanhonestman,asyouknow.=Jack,asyouknow,isanhonestman.f.Asisknowntoall,heisahero.=Heisahero,which/asisknowntoall.=Itisknowntoallthatheisahero.(that引导的不是定从，而是真主从)g.Asweallknow,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作宾语)=Smokingisharmfultoone'shealth,asweallknow.(as作宾语)=Smoking,asweallknow,isharmfultoone'health.=Asisknowntoall,smokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(as作主语)=It'sknowntoallthatsmokingisharmfultoone'shealth.(that引导的不是定从，而是真主从)