新视野大学英语第三版第四册第一单元Section-B课件ppt

SectionB41UNITWhydosmartpeopledodumbthings?TomasterthereadingskillTounderstandthetextTopracticethephrasesandpatternsTolearnaboutwritingasurveyreportObjectivesLifeandlogicWarming-upReadingSkillsTextStudyComparativeStudyContentsUnitProjectBWhydosmartpeopledodumbthings?SectionBSectionWarming-upLead-inBackgroundInformationWhydosmartpeopledodumbthings?VideoWatching1.WhatarethetwoexamplesofSunkCostsFallacymentionedinthevideo?TipsTips2.Accordingtothespeaker,whatareSunkCostsandwhatisthemeaningofSunkCostsFallacy?BackTips1.WhatarethetwoexamplesofSunkCostsFallacymentionedinthevideo?Exampleone:gotoastore/closed/10blocks/wastedExampletwo:career/notfulfilling/stickwithit/don’twantpasttenyears/effects,timeandmoney/wastedSunkCosts:Time,money,effectsorwhateveryou’vespend.2.Accordingtothespeaker,whataretheSunkCostsandwhatisthemeaningofSunkCostsFallacy?TipsSunkCostsFallacy:makechoice/notbaseon/best/desire/not/pastinvestment/wasted.1.WhatisCognitiveBias?2.WhatisFundamentalAttributionError?3.WhatisConfirmationBias?TipsTipsTips1.WhatisCognitiveBias?TipsAcognitivebiasisapatternofdeviationinjudgmentthatoccursinparticularsituations,leadingtoperceptualdistortion,inaccuratejudgment,illogicalinterpretation,orwhatisbroadlycalledirrationality.Manycognitivebiases(认知偏差)areoftenstudiedforhowtheyaffectbusinessandeconomicdecisionsandhowtheyaffectscientificandexperimentalresearches.2.WhatisFundamentalAttributionError?TipsAFundamentalAttributionError(基本归因错误)isacognitivebiasinsocialpsychology.Itreferstothetendencytojudgeapersoninanunpleasantsituationinabadlightandattributehisbehaviortointernalcausesandqualitiesratherthanconsiderthesituationorcircumstancesthatmayhavecausedthepersontobehaveinthatmanner.But,ifweourselvesmadethesameerrors,wewouldeasilyattributethecausestoexternalfactors.3.WhatisConfirmationBias?TipsAConfirmationBias(确定性偏差)isacognitivebiaswherebyonetendstonoticeandlookforinformationthatconfirmsone’sexistingbeliefs,whilstignoringanythingthatcontradictsthosebeliefs.Itisatypeofselectivethinking.Forexample:Afterhavingboughtapieceofclothing,youwilllookforthesameclothinginamoreexpensivestoretoconfirmthatyouhaveboughtabargain.BSectionReadingSkillsPresentationoftheSkillReadingSkillPracticeWhydosmartpeopledodumbthings?Skimmingisamethodofrapidlymovingtheeyesoveratextwiththepurposeofgettingthemainideaorageneraloverviewofitscontent.Forexample,manypeopleskimreadanewspaperarticlejusttogetaquickoverview,oratexttoseewhetherit’sworthreadingindetail.Thekeywordforskimmingis“general”.SkimmingSomestepstohelpyoutoskimanarticle1Readthetitle–itistheshortestpossiblesummaryofthecontentofthearticle.2Readtheintroductionorlead-inparagraph(s).3Readanysub-headings,andidentifytherelationshipsbetweenthem.4Readthefirstsentenceofeachremainingparagraph;themainideaofmostparagraphsappearsinthefirstsentence.Skimming5Alternatelyreadand“float”overthebodyofthearticle,lookingforthefollowing:•Cluesaboutwho,what,when,where,howmany,howmuch•Connectivewordsandphrasessuchasfurthermore,also,howeverandonthecontrary6Readtheconcludingparagraph(s)completely.SkimmingSomestepstohelpyoutoskimanarticleSkimTextBtofindanswerstothefollowingquestions.1Whatisthistextmainlyabout?2Whatcommoncognitivebiasescancausesmartpeopletomakebaddecisions?3Howcanweavoidbeingaffectedbyvarioustypesofcognitivebiaseswhenmakingadecision?PracticeSkimmingBSectionTextStudyTextComprehensionLanguageFocusCriticalThinkingWhydosmartpeopledodumbthings?1.WhatisthetraditionalviewaboutsmartpeopleaccordingtoParagraph1?(Para.1)2.Whatisthemosttypicalcharacteristicofthefundamentalattributionerror?(Para.3)3.Whatwillyoubeaffectedifyouareonlyinterestedinevidencethatisinagreementwithyourownbelief?(Para.5)4.Whendoestheoverconfidencebiasusuallyoccur?(Para.7)5.Whydoestheavailabilitybiasleadstostrangeandinaccurateconclusions?(Para.8)6.Whydon’tpeoplewanttoleaveabadinvestmentsituationandcommitthesunkcostfallacy?(Para.11)7.Whatisthepurposeofthistext?1.WhatisthetraditionalviewaboutsmartpeopleaccordingtoParagraph1?00TipsSmartpeople,byvirtueofwhatthey’velearned,willformulatebetterdecisions.原句：Orthodoxviewsprizeintelligenceandintellectualrigorhighlyinthemodernrealmofuniversitiesandtechindustryjobs.(Para.1,L1)解释:Intelligenceandtheabilitytothinklogicallyhavelongbeenregardedasimportantqualitiesinmodernuniversitiesandinjobsrelatedtothetechnologyindustry.译文：传统观念将智力和思维的缜密性看作现代大学领域和科技产业工作的重要素质。Tips2.Whatisthemosttypicalcharacteristicofthefundamentalattributionerror?(Para.3)Oneofthemostcommonbiasesiswhatisknownasthefundamentalattributionerror.Throughthispeopleattributethe______________to_____________andtheirownto________________,subconsciouslyconsideringtheirowncharacterstobe________.failuresofotherscharacterflawsmerecircumstancestainless3.Whatwillyoubeaffectedifyouareonlyinterestedinevidencethatisinagreementwithyourownbelief?(Para.5)TipsAThefundamentalattributionerror.BTheconfirmationbias.CTheoverconfidencebias.DTheavailabilitybias.Choosethebestanswertothequestion.原句：Outwittingconfirmationbiasthereforerequiresexploringbothsidesofanargumentwithequaldil