词汇学名词解释

【名词解释】Word(词)：Fromthelexicologicalpointofview,awordisacombinationofform(phonological)andmeaning(lexicalandgrammatical).Inaddition,awordactsasastructuralunitofsentence.Onomatopoeia(拟声法):Peoplebegantalkingbycreatingiconicsignstoimitatethesoundsheardaroundtheminnature.Concept(概念):Aconceptisanabstractionfromthingsofthesamekind.Referent(指示物)：Theconceptisabstractfromtheperson,thing,relationship,idea,event,andsoon.Wecallthisthereferent.Denotation(外延义):Thedenotationmeaningofawordusuallyreferstothedictionarydefinitionofaword.Connotation(内涵义):Theconnotationmeaningofawordreferstotheemotionalaspectofaword.Lexicalitem(词项):Aunitofvocabularyisgenerallyreferredtoasalexicalitem.Lexicalitemareoftenreferredto,loosely,aswords.Vocabulary(词汇):Thetermvocabularyusuallyreferstoacompleteinventoryofthewordsinalanguage.Butitmayalsorefertothewordsandphrasesusedinthevariantsofalanguage,suchasdialect,register,terminology,etc.Morpheme(形位):Amorphemeistheminimalsignificantelement.Itisalsothesmallestunitofgrammaticalanalysis.Contentmorphemes(实义形位)：Contentmorphemesknownasfreemorpheme(自由形位)arethosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves.Grammaticalmorphemes(语法形位):Grammaticalmorphemesknownasboundmorphemes(粘附形位)arethosethatmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme,eitherboundorfree.Morphs(形素):Amorphemeneedstoberepresentedincertainphonologicalandorthographicalforms.Theformsarecalledmorphs.Affix(词缀):Grammaticalmorphemesmayalsobecalledaffixes;affixesaresegmentsthataddedtoaroot.Allomorphs(形位变体):Thetotalvariantsofamorphemearecalledallomorphs.Affixation(词缀法):Theprocessbywhichwordsareformedbyaddingaffixestoarootiscalled~.Affixesthatcomebeforetherootarecalledprefixes(前缀);thosethatcomeaftertherootarecalledSuffixes(后缀).Conversion(转类法):Conversionmeansusingaformthatrepresentsonepartofspeechasanotherpartofspeechwithoutchangingtheformoftheword.Compounding(Composition合成法):Compoundingisaprocessofword-formationbywhichtwoormoreindependentwordsareputtogethertomakeoneword.Compound(合成词):Wordsformedbycompoundingarecalledcompounds.Back-formation(逆成法):Back-formationisaprocessofword-formationbywhichawordiscreatedbythedeletionofasupposedaffix.Abbreviation(Shorting缩略法):Clippedwords(缩短词):Clippedwordsarethosecreatedbyclippingpartofaword,leavingOnlyapieceoftheoldword.Initialisms(首字母连写词):InitialismsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersorwordsandPronouncedasletters.Acronyms(首字母拼音词)：AcronymsarewordsformedfromtheinitiallettersofwordsandPronouncedaswords.Blending(拼缀法):Blendingisaprocessofword-formationbycombiningpartsofotherwords.Motivation(理据):Motivationdealswiththeconnectionbetweennameandsense.Onomatopoeicmotivation(拟声理据):Onomatopoeicmotivationmeansdefiningtheprincipleofmotivationbysound.Semanticmotivation(语义理据):Semanticmotivationmeansthatmotivationisbasedonsemanticfactors.Metaphor(隐喻):Metaphorisafigureofspeechcontaininganimpliedcomparison,inwhichawordorphraseordinarilyandprimarilyusedofonethingisappliedtoanother.Metonymy(借代):Metonymyisthedeviceinwhichwenamesomethingbyoneofitsattributes.Synecdoche(提喻):Synecdochemeansusingapartforawhole,anindividualforaclass,amaterialforathingorthereverseofanyofthese.Analogy(类比):Analogyisaprocesswherebywordsarecreatedinimitationofotherwords.Logicalmotivation(逻辑理据):Logicmotivationdealswiththeproblemofdefiningaconceptbymeaningoflogic.SemanticFeatures(语义特征):Thelinguisticmeaningofawordisthesetofabstractedcharacteristicsnecessarytodistinguishthecategorywhichthewordnamesfromallothercategories.Thisabstractedcharacteristicsareknownassemanticfeatures.Binaryopposition(二分法):Binaryoppositionisamethodtoanalyzethewordbyestablishingabinaryfeaturewhichholdsbetweenthenounpairs.Polesemy(一词多义):Thesamewordmayhavetwoormoredifferentmeanings.Thisisknownas“polesemy”;suchawordis“polesemic(多义词)”.Theprimarymeaning(原始义)referstowhatawordoriginallymeantandthederivativemeaning(派生义)referstothemeaningspringingfromtheoriginalmeaning.Radiation(辐射):Animportantprocessbywhichwordsextendtheirmeaningiscalled~.Concatenation(连锁联结):Itmeansthatawordmovesgraduallyawayfromitsoriginalsenseasaresultofsuccessivesemanticchangesuntil,inmanycases,thereisnotatraceofconnectionbetweenthesensethatisfinallydevelopedandtheprimarysense.Generalization(Extension词义扩展):Itmeansstretchingofmeaning.Specialization(词义缩小):Itmeansshrinkingofmeaning.Elevation(词义升格):Whenthemeaningnarrowstowardamorefavorablemeaning,itiscalledelevationoramelioration.Degeneration(词义降格):Whenthemeaningofawordnarrowstowardanunfavorablemeaningitiscalleddegenerationordegradationorpejorativechange.Antonomasia(转称):Theuseofapropernountoconveyageneralideaisknownasantonomasia.Transference(词义转移):Theprocessofbywhichthedifferencehasoccurredinthedevelopmentofalanguageiscalledtransferenceofmeaning.Hyponymy(上下义关系):Hyponymyreferstotherelationshipwhichobtainsbetweengeneralandspecificlexicalitems(betweenthegenusthespecies).Thelatterisincludedintheformer.Thegenerallexicalitemiscalledthesuperordinateortheupperterm(上义词),andthespecificitemtheHyponymorthelowerterm(下义词).Synonymy(同义):Lexicalitemswhichhavethesamemeaningbutdifferinmorphemicstructure,phonologicalformandusage