英文独立战争之后的美国+制宪会议+美国总统华盛顿

AmericaFollowingindependenceTheConstitutionalConventionWashingtonthePresidentAmericaFollowingindependenceAfterthecolonieswontheirformalindependencein1783,thereappearednewproblemswhichthenewly-independentstateshadtodealwithproperly.•AccordingtothepeacetreatywithBritain,theUnitedStateshadmoreterritorythanbefore.Howtomakeuseofitwasaseriousproblemforthemall.•Differentbackgroundsanddifferenteconomicconditionsmadethe13statessuspiciousofeachotherafterindependence.•NewdifficultiessooncompelledAmericanstoreconsidertheirviewpointof“independentsovereignstates”.Problemsa.BritainreduceditsimportsfromAmerica,whichmadeAmericanfamersandcraftsmenfoundithardtoselltheirproductsabroad.b.Domesticmarketofthe13stateswasfloodedwithforeigngoodsbecausetheCongressdidnothaveenoughpowertoprotectthedomesticmarket.Inlookingaftertheirowninterests,the13stateswereunknowinglyinjuringeachother.c.TheCongressandtheseparatestatesallborrowedmoneytofinancetheIndependenceWar,whiletheyhadnowaytoraiseenoughmoneytodischargethedebtsafterindependence.Shays’RebellionCause:Tosolvethefinancialproblem,thestategovernmentsincreasedtaxes.Manytradesmenandsmallfarmers,whenfailingtopaytheirtaxesordebts,losttheirfarmsorbusinesswhichwereseizedbystategovernmentsorbytheircreditors.ThedeterioratingsituationledtoShays’Rebellion.Progress:TherebellionbrokeoutwhenangrymassesledbyShaysstartedtostormprisonstosetfreeprisonersofdebt.AlargepartofMassachusettswasinvolved.Thoughitwassoonputdown,therebellionshockedthestategovernmentandtherulingclass.Influence:Nearlyallthepeoplerealizedthatsomethinghadtobedone,butproblemsweresoseriousandwidespreadthatnostatealonecoulddealwiththemeffectively.TheCongress,whichwassetupduringtheIndependenceWar,wastooweakforthatpurposebecauseitwasalargebodyofrepresentatives.Ithadnopowertopasslawsforthedifficultstates.Ithadnopowertoenforcelawsandraisetaxesbecauseitdidnothavetheexecutivedepartment.TheneedofanewformofgovernmentwasfeltbyanincreasingnumberofAmericans.Back(acceptedbyallthestatesin1781).Butitgavetoolittlepowertothecentralgovernment.Itsoonbecameevidentthatitwasinadequateformanagingthevariousconflictsthataroseamongthestates.宪法起草之前，13个新独立州的近4万居民被《邦联条例》管理。但它赋予中央政府的权力有限，很快可以明显看出，用它来管理各州之间所产生的各种冲突是不够的。一旦赢得美国独立战争的任务已经过去了，各州开始寻找自己的利益，纠纷开始发生。+Topreventthefruitofvictoryfromgoingupinsmoke,anumberofprominentpersons,includingWashingtonandFranklin,metanddiscussedtheproblemsfacingthestates.TheyagreedtoholdaconferencetodiscusstheproblemandthisledtotheopeningsessionoftheConstitutionalConvention.（费城）55delegates（代表)fromallstatesexceptRhodeIslandTimePlacePersonMay25,1787-September15,1787+詹姆斯·麦迪逊的蓝图JamesMadison'sblueprint+早期辩论Theearlydebate+初稿Thefirstdraft+进一步修改和总结辩论Furthermodificationsandconcludingdebate+起草和签署Draftingandsigning+ThedelegateselectedGeorgeWashingtontopresideovertheConvention.TheresultoftheConventionwasthecreationoftheUnitedStatesConstitution,placingtheConventionamongthemostsignificanteventsinthehistoryoftheUnitedStates.+ThemostcontentiousdisputesrevolvedaroundthecompositionandelectionoftheSenate,howproportionalrepresentationwastobedefined(whethertoincludeslavesorotherproperty),whethertodividetheexecutivepowerbetweenthreepersonsorinvestthepowerintoasinglepresident,howtoelectthepresident,howlonghistermwastobeandwhetherhecouldstandforreelection,whatoffensesshouldbeimpeachable,thenatureofafugitiveslaveclause,whethertoallowtheabolitionoftheslavetrade,andwhetherjudgesshouldbechosenbythelegislatureorexecutive.MostofthetimeduringtheConventionwasspentondecidingtheseissues,whilethepowersoflegislature,executive,andjudiciarywerenotheavilydisputed.美国宪法是美利坚合众国的最高法律“beableto“checkandbalance”powerfulandsoughttheothersifonebranchgrewtoopowerfulandsoughttodominatetheothers.+每个分支--行政，立法，司法必须行使不同的权力，每个分支机构必须制约并平衡，以免其中一个变得强大或太弱小。