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1湖南科技大学课程设计报告课程设计名称:大小接头铸造工艺设计学生姓名:学院:机电工程学院专业及班级:材料成型及控制工程3班学号:指导教师:2012年5月25日目录摘要·····························································································1一、零件简介··············································································21.零件介绍················································································22.生产方式的选择······································································3二、铸造工艺设计·······································································31.工艺方案的选择·······································································31)、分型面的选择····································································42)、浇注位置的选择·································································52.铸造工艺参数的确定·································································61)、最小铸出孔·······································································62)、机械加工余量····································································73)、铸造缩尺···········································································84)、起模斜度···········································································95)、砂芯与芯头设计·································································9三、浇注系统··············································································111.浇注系统类型的选择································································112.浇注系统的尺寸确定································································12四、冒口的尺寸计算···································································151.铸件冒口补缩设计原理·····························································152.设计冒口的基本条件·································································153.选择冒口位置的基本原则···························································16五、冷铁设计···············································································17六、砂箱设计···············································································17七、木模的设计·············································································18设计体会·······················································································20参考文献························································································21-1-摘要铸造件广泛的应用在装备制造业,冶金,建筑,农机,给排水以及国防工业各部门,如在机械制造业中,铸铁件所占比重约为机械重量的40%至80%。那么什么是铸造呢?铸造工艺设计又是怎么设计的呢?现代科学技术的发展,要求金属铸件具有高的力学性能、尺寸精度和低的表面粗糙度值;要求具有某些特殊性能,如耐热、耐蚀、耐磨等,同时还要求生产周期短,成本低。因此,铸件在生产之前,首先应进行铸造工艺设计,使铸件的整个工艺过程都能实现科学操作,才能有效地控制铸件的形成过程,达到优质高产的效果。铸造工艺设计就是根据铸造零件的结构特点、技术要求、生产批量和生产条件等,确定铸造方案和工艺参数,绘制铸造工艺图,编制工艺卡等技术文件的过程。铸造工艺设计的有关文件,是生产准备、管理和铸件验收的依据,并用于直接指导生产操作。铸件的生产过程,也就是从零件图开始,一直到铸件成品检验合格入库为止,要经过很多道工序。例如涉及到合金熔炼、造型、制芯材料的配制,工艺装备的准备,铸型的制造、合箱、浇注、落砂和清理等多方面工作。人们把一个铸件的生产过程称为铸造生产工艺过程。对于一个铸件,编制出铸造生产过程的技术文件就是铸造工艺设计。这些技术文件必须结合工厂的具体条件,是在总结先进经验的基础上,以图形、文字和表格的形式对铸件的工艺生产过程加以科学的规定。它是生产的直接指导性文件,也是技术准备和生产管理、制定进度计划的依据。-2-一、零件简介1.零件介绍大小接头工业名为异径接头又称异径管,化工管道配件之一,用于两种不同管径的连接。按照外观分为同心异径接头和偏心异径接头两种;按照连接形式分类有对接异径接头、内丝异径接头、外丝异径接头等,本次设计为对接异径接头;按照材质分类为不锈钢(304、304l、316、316l),合金钢,碳钢(20#、Q234、Q345)等,本次设计的材料采用HT250。HT250(灰铁250)为珠光体类型的灰铸铁,密度约为6800-7300kg/m3,化学成分为碳C:3.16~3.30、硅Si:1.79~1.93、锰Mn:0.89~1.04、硫S:0.094~0.125、磷P:0.12~0.17。抗拉强度为250MPa,硬度(RH=1时)为209HB(试样尺寸:试棒直径为30mm),强度、耐磨性、耐热性均较好,减振性良好,铸造性能较优,需进行人工时效处理。异径接头用于管道管径需要改变的地方,所以用途十分广泛,主要用于乳品、食品、啤酒、饮料、制药、化妆品、汽车、造船等工业领域和民用建筑领域。零件尺寸图如图1所示:-3-图1.零件尺寸2.生产方式的选择本设计按照大批量模板造型为生产条件。手工造型和造芯适用于单件或小批生产中,机器造型和造芯主要用于成批和大量生产,因此本设计选机器造型为造型、造芯方法。湿型主要用于生产中小型铸件,机械化造型广泛采用湿型,干型一般使用于单件或小批生产,结构复杂,技术要求高的铸件及大重型复杂铸件,因此本设计选择湿型为铸型种类。二、铸造工艺设计1.工艺方案的选择1)、分型面的选择-4-分型面是指两半个铸型相互接触的表面。一般先从保证铸件的质量出发来确定浇注位置,然后从工艺操作方便出发确定分型面。一些质量要求不高或者外形复杂,生产批量又不大,为了简化工艺操作,也可以优先考虑分型面。分型面确立的基本原则是:1、为了起模方便,分型面一般选在铸件的最大截面处,但是注意不要使模样在一箱内过高。2、尽量将铸件的重要加工面或大部分加工面和加工基准面放在同一个砂箱内,而且尽可能放在下箱。以保证铸件尺寸的精确,减少铸件的飞边毛刺。3、为了简化操作过程、保证铸件尺寸精度应尽量减少分型面的数目,减少活块的数目。4、为了便于生产,减少制造工艺装备的费用,分型面应尽量采用平直面。5、分型面的选择应尽量减少砂芯的数目。6、分型面的确定尽可能考虑到内浇口的引入位置,并使合箱后与浇注位置一致,以避免盒箱后再翻动铸型。综合上述,在本次设计中,铸件是对称的结构,考虑到分型面选在最大截面处,将中心对称平面选为分型面。如图2所示:-5-图2.分型面的确定2)、浇注位置的选择浇注位置是指浇注时,铸件所处的位置。铸件浇注位置要符合铸件的凝固方式,保证铸型的充填,注意以下几个原则:1、一般情况下铸件浇注位置的上面比下面缺陷多,所以应将铸件的重要加工面或者主要受力使用面等要求较高的部位放在下面,若有困难则可放在侧面或斜面。2、浇注位置的选择应有利于铸型的充填和型腔中气体的排除,所以,薄壁铸件应将大的平面放在下面或者侧立、倾斜,以防出现浇不足和冷隔等缺陷。3、当铸件壁厚不均,需要补缩时,应从顺序凝固的原则出发,将厚大部分放在上面或者侧面,以便于安放冒口和冷铁。对于收缩较小的灰铸铁件,当壁厚差别不大时,也可以将厚部分放在下面靠自身上部的铁水补缩而不用冒口。-6-4、确定浇注位置时应尽量减少砂芯的数量,同时有利于砂芯的定位、稳定、排气和检验方便。因此,较大的砂芯应尽可能使芯头朝下,尽可能避免砂芯吊在上箱或仅靠芯撑来固定,可采用多个铸件共用一个砂芯。根据以上的浇注位置的选择原则,本铸件的浇注位置选在铸件的两端侧面,如图3所表示的位置:图3.浇注位置2.铸造工艺参数的确定1)、最小铸出孔铸件的孔、槽:一般来说,较大的孔、槽应当铸出,以减少切削加工工时,节约金属材料,并可减小铸件上的热节;较小的孔则不必铸出,用机加工较经济。最小铸出孔的参考数值见表1。对于零件图上不要求加工的孔、槽以及弯曲孔等,一般均应铸出。由表1可知该铸件两端面的孔应该铸出。但考虑到型芯的设计过于复杂,故不铸出,后续用机加工保证。-7-表1.最小铸出孔的确定2)、机械加工余量机械加工余量是指在铸件加工表面上留下的、准备用机械加工方法切去的金属层的厚度,目的是获得精确的尺寸和光洁的表面,以符合设计的要求。铸件加工余量的大小,要根据铸件的合金种类,生产方法,尺寸大小和复杂程度,以及加工面的要求和所处的浇注位置等因素来确定。铸件加工面在浇注时的位置,一般上面比下面和侧面的加工余量要大些,铸面内表面则要比铸件外表面的加工余量大些。铸件最大尺寸浇注时位置加工面与基准面之间的距离(mm)﹤5050~120120~260260~500﹤120顶面底、侧面3.5~4.52.5~3.54.0~4.53.0~3.5120~260顶面底、侧面4.0~5.03.0~4.04.5~5.03.5~4.05.0~5.54.0~4.5260~500顶面底、侧面4.5~6.03.5~4.55.0~6.04.0~4.56.0~7.04.5~5.06.5~7.05.0~6.0表2.灰铸铁的机械加工余量(mm)由上表我们可以确定加工余量,本铸件的最大尺寸为400mm,由公称生产批量最小铸出孔的直径d(mm)灰
本文标题:大小接头铸造工艺设计
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