Puritanism-and-American-Literature清教主义和美国文学

TheReformationTheCorruptionofRomanCatholicChurchin15th\16thCenturyTheSellingoftheIndulgencesChristianityJudaism---monotheismGreekandRomanCulture—Polytheism&deism1stcentury4thCenturyConstantinetheGreatTheRoleofChurchandpriestsSailingtheIndulgences出售赎罪券In1517,apreachernamedTetzelcametoanearbyvillage,offeringindulgences(赎罪券）tothosewhowouldcontributetothebuildingofnewCathedralofSt.Peter,atRoma.Hesaid:“Sosoonascoinincofferrings,thesoulfromPurgatory(炼狱)springs.”Reformation宗教改革MartinLuther(1483-1546)【Luther’s95theses(Oct.31,1517)】JohnCalvin(1509-1564)HenryⅧMartinLuther(1483-1546)马丁·路德GermanleaderoftheReformation.In1507,beingapriest,hebeganacareerasatheologicalteacher，lateraprofessor:attacked(1517)Tetzel’ssaleofindulgence,byposting95thesesonthechurchdooratWittenburgdeveloped(1512-13)theideaofjustificationbyfaithbeganhisGermantranslationoftheBible(1521-22)inWartburgCastlePopularityweakenedbyhisoppositiontothePeasants’War(1524-25).Luther’s95theses(Oct.31,1517)路德张贴《九十五条论纲》Thesewereninety-fiveshortstatementsrelatingtoindulgences,andinpostingthem,Lutherwassimplyinvitinglearnedprofessorstodiscussthestatementsproandconinordertodetermine,ifpossible,whetherthepracticesofsuchagentsofchurchasTetzelwereorwerenotinaccordwiththetruedoctrine.JohnCalvin(1509-1564)加尔文Frenchlawyerandtheologian.InstitutesoftheChristianReligionFedtoSwizerlandNewleaderofprotestantismestablishedachurchgovernmentinGeneva..TheSpreadofCalvinismGeneva，“theNewJerusalem”ofProtestantism“TheMostperfectschoolofChristonearth”-------JohnKnox,TheCalvinistreformerinScotlandMissionariestrainedinGenevaweresenttoallpartsofEuropespreadtotheNetherlandsandScotland,andinfluencedthePuritansinEnglandandinNewEnglandReformationinHouseofTudorHenryⅧ，HisDivorce&RomanCatholicChurchAnglicanCommunion(theChurchofEngland)TheKing,astheleaderofthechurchClosetotheRomeCatholicChurchindoctrine,formofworship,andorganizationofauthority。王权的工具，是封建专制制度的支柱(注：都铎王朝，以亨利八世与罗马教廷决裂1534和英格兰开始宗教改革著称）宗教改革运动主要内容1.Ajustificationbyfaith2.AgainstthecontrolofRomanCatholicChurch3.Adenialofpapalsupremacy.4.AproclamationthattheBiblewasthesoleauthorityonreligiousquestions.5.AnencouragementofpeopletoreadandunderstandtheBiblewithoutrelyingonclericstodothisforthem.6.ReligiousceremoniesheldindifferentnationallanguagesinsteadofinLatin,Simplifyreligiousceremonies,Priestscanmarry.AfterTheReformationLutheranChurch德国与北欧的路德宗，又称信义宗ReformedChurch法国、瑞士和苏格兰的归正宗，又称加尔文宗AnglicanCommunion英国的安立甘宗,又称圣公会Puritanism,afurtherreligiousreforminUKReligiousCorruption,PersecutionInUKHouseofTudor:BloodyMariaHouseofStuart:JamesⅠ&CharlesⅠ(注：ElizerberthⅠ&eatnofishonFriday星期五不吃鱼，喻指某人忠实可靠或忠于政府)HouseofStuart:1603-1714UK大不列颠及联合王国1.JamesⅠ(JamesⅥinScotland)(1603-1625)2.CharlesⅠ(1625-1649)TheEnglishCivilWar(1642-1646)CharlesⅠJamesⅠLeydeninHollandTheMayflowerin1620&Plymouth&Thanksgiving（1795，GeorgeWashington；1941--the4thThursdayofNovember)PuritanismAsIdealists清教主义宗教改革主张：1.TheyareagainstthetyrannyofKingandChurch2.TheyfelttheChurchofEngland/AnglicanCommunionwastooclosetotheRomeCatholicChurchindoctrine,formofworship,andorganizationofauthority,suchasThesystemofChurchgovernmentbybishops(Episcopalism)3.Churchshouldberestoredtothe“purity”ofthefirst–centuryChurchasestablishedbyJesusChristHimself.4.TheywishtorestoresimplicitytochurchservicesandtheauthorityoftheBibletotheologyandliveasimplelife.5.advocatereligioustolerationandlibertyInfluencesofCalvinismonPuritanismAmericanPuritanismThePositiveAspectsTheNegativeSidesThePositiveAspectsPuritanism&ConstructionofAmericanContinent(bothmateriallyandspiritually)PuritanismandAmericanCollectiveDispositionsPuritanismandAmericanIndividualismPuritanismandPoliticalSystem:Freedom,DemocracyPuritanismandEmphasisonEducationPuritanismandAmericanDreamPuritanismandAmericanCollectiveDispositionsOptimisticPracticalProudandasenseofcallingDevotedtoworkRisk-takingPuritanismandAmericanIndividualismJustificationbyFaith&DirectCommunication:theroleofthechurchandpopevs.thepoweroftheindividualself-disciplineandself-improvement,Moralperfection:Piety(虔诚).asimple,hardworkinglife,SobrietyFrugalityetc.Puritanism&PoliticalSystem:freedom,democracyAgainstThesystemofChurchgovernmentbybishops(Episcopalism)&Naturalrights“allmenarecreatedequal”“上帝面前人人平等“ThomasJeffersonDeclarationofIndependence:Weholdthesetruthstobeself-evident:thatallmenarecreatedequal;thattheyareendowedbytheirCreatorwithcertainunalienablerights;thatamongthesearelife,libertyandthepursuitofhappiness;TheseparationoftheStateandChurchAmericanConstitution（1786）：noreligioustestshalleverberequiredasaqualificationtoanyofficeorpublictrustundertheUnitedstates“MayflowerCompactPuritanism&EmphasisonEducationAmericanpuritansin17thcentury:HighlyarticulateandeducatedbuiltschoolslovedreadingencouragedlearningPuritanismandAmericanDreamRagstoRichesSelf-mademan:BenjaminFranklinAbrahamLincolnetc.negativesidesTheportraitofaPuritan:Ateetotaler,gaunt,lank-haired,wearingablacksteeplehat3.3.1Theprimaryimportanceofreligion3.3.2AustereoftasteRigidandkilljoywayoflife3.3.3ReligiousintoleranceandbigotryAnneHutchinsonCa