东南大学研究生一年级学术英语教科书答案chapter6-8

UnitSix1.3.11.Weobservedastrongerpositiveassociationforrectalthancoloncancer.2.Wefoundapositiveassociationbetweenredmeatintakespecificallyandcancersoftheesophagusandliver,andaborderlinesignificantpositiveassociationforlaryngealcancer.3.Unexpectedly,wefoundaninverseassociationbetweenredmeatintakeandendometrialcancer.1.3.21.Provideabriefsynopsisofkeyfindings,withparticularemphasisonhowthefindingsaddtothebodyofpertinentknowledge.2.Summarizetheresultinrelationtoeachresearchobjectiveorhypothesis3.Relatefindingsbacktotheliteratureortheresultsreportedbyotherresearchers4.Discusspossiblemechanismsandexplanationsforthefindings.Comparestudyresultswithrelevantfindingsfromotherpublishedwork.Brieflystateliteraturesearchsourcesandmethods.Usetablesandfigurestohelpsummarizepreviousworkwhenpossible.5.Discussthelimitationsofthepresentstudyandanymethodsusedtominimizeorcompensateforthoselimitations,ormentionanycrucialfutureresearchdirections.6.Concludewithabriefsectionthatsummarizesinastraightforwardandcircumspectmannertheclinicalimplicationsofthework.2.1.1CheckthesampleDiscussionandfindthecomparisonofthisstudywithpreviousresearches.ThisstudyOtherresearches1.Consistentwithpreviousstudies,weobservedastrongerpositiveassociationforrectalthancoloncancer.2.Ourstudysuggestsathresholdeffectforredmeatintakeonesophagealcancerrisk,beginningatalowlevelofintake,withnofurtherincreaseinriskwithhigherintakes,asreflectedinthep-trend,althoughitispossiblethatthereferentgrouphadasmaller-than-expectedcancerincidencebychance.3.Wealsoobservedinverseassociationsbetweenprocessedmeatintakeandleukemiaandmelanoma.4.Wefoundnoassociation5.weobservedasuggestionofanelevatedriskforadvancedprostatecancerwithbothmeattypes6.Althoughbreastcancerriskrelatedtomeatintakedidnotappeartodifferbymenopausalstatusinourstudy,wehadveryfewpremenopausalcases(n=94)andlackedinformationonhormonereceptorstatusforalargenumberofcases.SimilarresultinthisareaThefirstprospectivestudyofmeatintakeandesophagealcancerwaspublishedrecently;thatstudyhadonly65casesandfoundapositiveassociationforprocessedmeat,butnotredmeat,withesophagealadenocarcinoma.Previousstudieshavereportednullorpositiverelationsbetweenredmeatandendometrialcancer.Incontrasttoourfindings,childhoodleukemiahasbeenpositivelyassociatedwithintakeofprocessedmeatsinacase-controlstudy.Despitefindingnoassociationbetweenredorprocessedmeatintakeandoverallprostatecancerriskapooledanalysisofeightcohortstudiesfoundnoassociationwithredmeatintake;however,thetwomostrecentprospectivestudiesfoundpositiveassociationsforbothredandprocessedmeat,specificallyforestrogenandprogesteronereceptor–positivebreastcancersinpremenopausalwomen.2.12Like,like,Although,similarity,similar,most,most,But,equal2.2.12.3Inourstudy,zincsupplementationdidnotresultinasignificantreductioninoverallmortalityinchildrenaged1–48monthsinapopulationwithhighmalariatransmission.However,therewasasuggestionthattheeffectvariedbyage,withnoeffectonmortalityininfants,andamarginallysignificant18%reductionofmortalityinchildren12–48monthsofage(p=0·045).Thiseffectwasmainlyaconsequenceoffewerdeathsfrommalariaandotherinfections.AnyeffectonmortalityinthistrialwasinadditiontoapossibleeffectofvitaminAsupplementation3.2EventhoughArizonaandRhodeIslandarebothstatesoftheU.S.,theyarestrikinglydifferentinmanyways.Forexample,thephysicalsizeofeachstateisdifferent.Arizonaislarge,havinganareaof114,000squaremiles,whereasRhodeIslandisonlyaboutatenththesize,havinganareaofonly1,214squaremiles.Anotherdifferenceisinthesizeofthepopulationofeachstate.Arizonahasaboutfourmillionpeoplelivinginit,butRhodeIslandhaslessthanonemillion.Thetwostatesalsodifferinthekindsofnaturalenvironmentsthateachhas.Forexample,Arizonaisaverydrystate,consistingoflargedesertareasthatdonotreceivemuchrainfalleveryyear.However,RhodeIslandislocatedinatemperatezoneandreceivesanaverageof44inchesofrainperyear.Inaddition,whileArizonaisalandlockedstateandthushasnoseashore,RhodeIslandliesontheAtlanticOceananddoeshaveasignificantcoastline.3.3Thefollowingistakenfromadiscussionsectionofaresearchpaper.DiscussionAthoroughanalysisofboth‘worst’and‘best’rankingsshowsthattheonsitecontainmenttechniqueleadstothebestLCAresultinthelightofthetakenhypotheses.Unlikeothertreatmenttechniques,onsitecontainmentrequiresnotonlyfewmaterials(geosyntheticsonly)butalsosmall-scaleexcavationworks.Actuallythemoreatechniqueincludesheavytechnicaloperationsinvolvingmaterialsandequipment,theworstistheresultofLCA.Thisisthecaseforbio-leachingandoffsitelandfilling,whichinclude,ontheonehand,settingupthebio-leachingdevice,thetreatmentofleachateswithlime,disposalofwasteandcleaningofthesite,andontheotherhand,removalofsoilandthetransportationofhugequantitiesofmaterialsoverlargedistances.Asmentionedabove,besidestheLCA,itisnecessarytotakeintoaccounttheabilityoftechniquestosubstituteforeachotheraswellastheenvironmentalburdenswhichmaybeassociatedwiththem.Viewedinthislight,itisworthnoticingthatbio-leachingandoffsitelandfillingprovidecompleteremediationofthesite,contrarytoothertreatmenttechni