成本与管理会计亨格瑞第13版英文版CA02

2019/9/121CHAPTER2AnIntroductiontoCostTermsandPurposes2019/9/122LEARNINGOBJECTIVESDefineandillustrateacostobjectDistinguishbetweendirectcostsandindirectcostsExplainvariablecostsandfixedcostsInterpretunitcostscautiouslyDistinguishamongmanufacturingcompanies,merchandisingcompanies,andservice-sectorcompaniesDescribethethreecategoriesofinventoriescommonlyfoundinmanufacturingcompaniesDistinguishinventoriablecostsfromperiodcostsExplainwhyproductcostsarecomputedindifferentwaysfordifferentpurposesDescribeaframeworkforcostaccountingandcostmanagement2019/9/123Learningobjective1Defineandillustrateacostobject2-32019/9/124ⅠBasicCostTerminologyCostSacrificedresourcetoachieveaspecificobjectiveItisusuallymeasuredasthemonetaryamountthatmustbepaidtoacquiregoodsandservices.2-42019/9/125ⅠBasicCostTerminologyActualCostAcostthathasoccurred,(ahistoricalcost)BudgetedCostApredictedcostOpportunityCostThenextbestchoiceforegone.CostObjectAnythingforwhichaseparatemeasurementofcostsisdesired2-52019/9/126CostObjectExamplesatBMWCostObjectIllustrationProductBMWX5sportsactivityvehicleServiceDealer-supporttelephonehotlineProjectR&DprojectonDVDsystemenhancementCustomerHerbChambersMotors,adealerthatpurchasesabroadrangeofBMWvehiclesActivitySettingupproductionmachinesDepartmentEnvironmental,Health&Safety2019/9/127CostAndCostTerminology2-7CostAccumulationCostObjectCostObjectCostObjectCostAssignmentTracingAllocatingvia2019/9/128BASICCOSTTERMINOLOGY,CONTS.CostAccumulationdescribestheprocessofaccumulatingcostsinsomeorganizedmannerthroughtheaccountingsystem.Followingaccumulation,costsareassignedtothechosencostobject.involvestracingandallocatingcostsTracing：accumulatedcostswithadirectrelationshiptothecostobjectAllocating：accumulatedcostswithanindirectrelationshiptothecostobject2019/9/129Learningobjective2Distinguishbetweendirectcostsandindirectcosts2-92019/9/1210ⅡDirectCostsandIndirectCostsDirectcostsofacostobjectarethosethatarerelatedtoagivencostobject(product,department,etc.)andthatcanbetracedtoitinaneconomicallyfeasibleway.Includes:PartsAssemblylinewagesCost-Tracingdescribestheassignmentofdirectcoststotheparticularcostobject.2019/9/1211IndirectCostsIndirectCostsCannotbeconvenientlyoreconomicallytraced(tracked)toacostobject.Insteadofbeingtraced,thesecostsareallocatedtoacostobjectinarationalandsystematicmannerIndirectCostsIncludes:ElectricityRentPropertytaxes2-112019/9/1212Typesofproduct(manufacturing)costsDirectMaterialsCanbephysicallyanddirectlyassociatedwithmanufacturingthefinishedproduct.DirectLaborTheworkoffactoryemployeesthatcanbephysicallyanddirectlyassociatedwithconvertingrawmaterialsintofinishedgoods.IndirectManufacturing–factorycostsNottraceabletotheproduct.knownasManufacturingOverheadcostsorFactoryOverheadcostsBasicallyeverythingbutdirectmaterialsanddirectlabor.2-122019/9/12132-132019/9/1214severalfactorsthataffecttheclassificationofcostsasdirectorindirect.P25Materialityofthecost.Thesmallertheamountofthecost,thelesslikelythatitiseconomicallyfeasibletotracethatcosttoaparticularcostobject.DirectandIndirectCosts,conts.2019/9/1215Severalfactorsthataffecttheclassificationofcostsasdirectorindirect.P25Easeofgatheringtheinformation.bar-codetechnologyhasmadeitpossibletotracejustaboutanymaterialusedinthemanufacturingprocessDesignofoperations.Acostusedexclusivelyforaspecificcostobjectcanbereadilytraced.DirectandIndirectCosts,conts.2019/9/1216Learningobjective3Explainvariablecostsandfixedcosts2-162019/9/1217ⅢCostbehaviorandClassifications2-17Costbehaviormeanshowacostwillreacttochangesinthelevelofbusinessactivity.Totalvariablecostschangewhenactivitychanges.Totalfixedcostsremainunchangedwhenactivitychanges.2019/9/12182019/9/1219ⅢCostbehaviorVariablecostsareconstantonaper-unitbasis.Ifaproducttakes5poundsofmaterialseach,itstaysthesameperunitregardlessofwhetherone,ten,orathousandunitsareproduced.Fixedcostschangeinverselywiththelevelofproduction.Asmoreunitsareproduced,thesamefixedcostisspreadovermoreandmoreunits,reducingthecostperunit.2-192019/9/1220FIXEDCOSTSANDVARIABLECOSTS,CONTS.NumberofX5sproducedVariableCostpersteeringwheelTotalVariableCost0fsteeringwheel(1)(2)(3)=(1)×(2)1$60$601000$60$600003000$60$180000VariableCosts,P262019/9/1221VariableCostsy=bx,wherey=totalcost,b=variablecostperunitandx=numberofunits.Coststhatvaryproportionatelywithchangesinthecostdriver.AVariableCostNoofunitsproducedCost2019/9/1222TotalVariableCostExampleYourtotallongdistancetelephonebillisbasedonhowmanyminutesyoutalk.MinutesTalkedTotalLongDistanceTelephoneBillMinutesTalkedPerMinuteTelephoneChargeVariableCostPerUnitExampleThecostperlongdistanceminutetalkedisconstant.Forexample,5centsperminute.2019/9/1223FIXEDCOSTSANDVARIABLECOSTS,CONTS.AnnualTotalfixedsupervisionCostsforBMWX5assemblylineNumberofX5sproducedfixedsupervisionCostforperX5(1)(2)(3)=(1)÷(2)$2000000$10000$200$2000000$25000$80$2000000$50000$40FixedCosts,P272019/9/1224FixedCostsy=a,whereaistheyinterceptandrepresentsthecostlevelregardlessofvolume.Eg,depreciat