大蒜播种机外文文献

1ArchiveofSIDJ.Agric.Sci.Technol.(2009)Vol.11:125-136125DevelopmentandEvaluationofanInnovativeGarlicClovePrecisionPlanterM.R.Bakhtiari1,andM.Loghavi2*ABSTRACTInthisstudyaninnovativelydesignedtractor-mounted,ground-wheeldriven,tripleunit,rowcropprecisionplantercapableofplantingthreerowsofgarlic(AlliumsativumL.)clovesoneachraisedbedwasdesigned,fabricatedandtested.Themajorcomponentsofthisplanterinclude;chassisandtransportwheels,lister-bedderunit,seedhopper,seedmeteringdrum,sweeper,knocker,seedtube,furrowopenersandseedcoverers.Theme-teringdrumsandsweepersaredrivenbytwogroundwheelsthroughachaindrivesys-tem.Laboratoryevaluationoftheplantercomponents,especiallytheseedmeteringmechanismrevealedasatisfactoryperformanceoftheplantercomponents,exceptafewmodificationswhichwereneededbeforeconductingfieldtests.Theperformanceparame-tersmeasured/calculatedduringthefieldtestsincluded:seedingmassrate,seedingdepth,seedspacing,missindex,multipleindexandseeddamage.Theresultsshowedthatthenewmachineiscapableofplanting220,000plantsha-1attheseedingdepthandspacingof12.3and22.7cm,respectively.Also,missindex,multipleindexandseeddamageweremeasuredas12.23,2.43and1.41percent,respectively.Keywords:Garlic,Meteringdrum,Planter,Seedhopper.____________________________________________________________________________1DepartmentofBiologicalandAgriculturalEngineering,UniversityofPutraMalaysia,Serdang,Malaysia.2DepartmentofMechanicsofAgriculturalMachinery,ShirazUniversity,Shiraz,IslamicRepublicofIran.*Correspondingauthor,[e-mail](AlliumsativumL.)isacropwithalonghistoryofplantationinIran.Duetothelackofappropriateplanting,cultivationandharvestingmachineryformechanizingitsproduction,itisstillgrowninrelativelysmallfieldsusingtraditionalmethods.Also,owingtoitsnutritionalandpharmaceuticalvalues,ithasreceivedeconomicinterestworldwide.Inrecentyears,manyfarmershaveshowngreatinterestingarlicplanta-2tionsinIran,especiallyinHamedanProv-ince.IranianMinistryofAgriculturestatis-ticsindicatethat,intheyear2000,thetotalareaundergarlicplantationinIranwasabout8,000hectaresofwhichabout2,000hectaresbelongedtoHamedanProvince[2].Becauseofthehighcostsofthetraditionalmethodsofgarlicplanting,cultivationandharvestingwhichisverytimeconsumingandlaborintensive,itslargescaleproduc-tionisnoteconomicalandisthereforeverylimited.Ontheotherhand,governmentpol-icyforenhancingnon-petroleumbasedproductsexportsalongsidethesuitabilityofgarlicasanexportablecommoditycallsforthedevelopmentofamachineforitslargescalemechanizedplanting.RahmanandDas(1985)plantedalocalvarietyofgarliccloveatthreeweightlevelsof0.54,0.76and1.08grinrows10,15,20and25cmapart.Thehighestyield,9.03tonsha-1,wasobtainedbyplanting1.08grclovesinrows10cmapart.BartosandHolik(1985)comparedplantinggarliccloves,cv.Japo,usingthepneumatic-mechanicalunitFahse-AccordtypeMonoair80withthemostwidelyusedtulipbulbplanter(con-trol).Thepneumaticplanterresultedinamarkedlybetterspatial(aerialandindepth)(1989)investigatedtheeffectsofgarliccloveweightandplant-ingdensityongarlicyield.Theyplanted2.5,3.5and5ggarlicclovesatfourdifferent3spacings(30×6,30×8,30×10and30×12cm).Theresultsshowedthatthehighestyield,highestqualityandhighestincomewasobtainedbyplanting5grclovesat30×6cm,30×12cmand30×8cmspacing,respectively.Rochaetal.(1991)designedanddevelopedamanuallyoperatedplanterforgarlicbulbsmountedontwobicyclewheelsandequippedwithatoothedbeltdis-tributionmechanism.Thetoothedrubberbeltwasequippedusingthespongeteeth25×47mmand25mmhigh.Infieldtestsus-ingtheprototypeequipment,bulbswerespacedat5bulbsperm.OrlowskiandRe-kowska(1992)conductedathreeyearex-perimenttoinvestigatetheeffectsofdiffer-entclovesowingmethodsongarlicyield.Theirtreatmentsincluded:(1)budpointedupward(conventional);(2)budpointeddownward;(3)budpointedeitherside;and(4)budatanyrandomposition(similartomachinesowing).Thedependentvariablesmeasuredwerethenumberofplantsemerged,plantheight,garlicyieldandqual-ity.Theresultsshowedthat(1)treatments1and2hadthehighestandlowestyield,re-spectively,(2)treatments3and4didn'tshowanysignificantdifferenceinyield,and(3)treatment4hadabout13.7-19.4%lowerproductioncostthanthatoftreatment1withnosignificantdifferenceinquality.Lallanetal.(1992)investigatedtheeffectsofclovesizeandsowingmethodsongarlicyieldandquality.Inthisstudy,threedifferentgarlicclovesizes(4-6,6-8and8-10mm)wereplantedeitheronflatbed(15×7.5cmspac-ing)orontheridgesspacedat35cmandspaced7.5cmontherow.Theresultsindi-catedthat:(1)ridgeplantingresultedinsig-nificantlyhigheryieldthanflatbedplanting;(2)thequality(also,netincome)ofridgebedtreatmentswassignificantlyhigherthanthatoftheflatbedtreatments;and(3)thelargerclovesresultedinhighergarlicyield4andqualitythanthesmalleronesonbothri