雅思阅读语法4--不定式(一)

雅思不定式与IELTSReading(一)TraceyXXXXX动词不定式动词不定式由to+动词原形构成。这里的to是不定式标志，没有词义。不定式具有名词、形容词或副词的某些语法功能，又有动词的时态和语态的特点及作用。常见的形式如表所示（以及物动词do为例），不及物动词没有被动语态。一.语法功能（主，表，宾，定，状，补）1.不定式作主语Toignorethiswouldbeamistake.忽视这一点是错误的。Toseeistobelieve.眼见为实。Toactlikethatisfoolish.这样做是愚蠢的。但在很多情况下，特别是在口语中，我们常常用代词it来代替它作主语，而把它移到句子后部去，这样使句子显得比较平稳：It'ssonicetohearyourvoice.It'snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.It'sverykindofyoutohelpus.Itmadeusveryangrytohearhimtalklikethat.2020/3/27【练1/3】我们不可能在很短的时间内就掌握英语。【练2/3】你在这里停车是违章的。【练3/3】总体而言，我们可以有理由去推断，相对于噪音，人们更喜欢平静安宁的环境。（剑7，T4，R）2020/3/271.WeareimpossibletomasterEnglishinashorttime.(错误）ItisimpossibleforustomasterEnglishinashorttime.2.Youareagainsttheregulationtoparkyourcarhere.（错误）Itisagainsttheregulationforyoutoparkyourcarhere.3.Ingeneral,itisplausible/necessary/imperativetosupposethatweshouldpreferpeaceandquiettonoise.2020/3/272.不定式作表语不定式可放在be动词后面，形成表语。例如：Myworkistocleantheroomeveryday.Hisdreamistobeadoctor.2020/3/27翻译下列句子1.Thekeytofosteringdiversityisforpeopletolearntheirancestraltongue,aswellasthedominantlanguage.(剑4,T2,R)2.ForestproblemsofMediterraneancountriesaretobediscussedathenextmeetingofexperts.（剑7，T3，R）3.Children'smainresponsibilityisstilltoplaandhavefun.（剑3,T3,W）2020/3/271.培养多样性的关键是让人们不仅学习占主导地位的语言,同时也学习祖先们传下来的语言。2.地中海国家的森林问题将会在下次专家会时被讨论。3.儿童的主要任务仍是玩耍和获得乐趣。2020/3/273.不定式作宾语有些动词可以用不定式作宾语，以不定式作宾语的动词很多，常见有：例如：Thedriverfailedtoseetheothercarintime.Heofferedtohelpme.他表示愿意帮助我。2020/3/27另外，tell,advise,show,teach,findout,decide,discuss,learn,forget等动词，常用一个带连接代(副)词的不定式作宾语：Theywillteachushowtorepairfarmtools.Wemustdecidewhethertogoorstay.Hedidn'tknowwhethertolaughortocrywhenheheardthewords.Noonecouldtellmewheretogetthebook.Ihopeyou'lladvisemewhattodo.Sheconsideredhowtoanswerthequestion.2020/3/27另外，在某些复合宾语中，我们常常先用一个it代表不定式，而把不定式放到后面去，如：Ifinditdifficulttobelievehim.主谓宾宾补真正的宾语Shethoughtitunnecessarytoarguewithhimaboutit.Iconsideritbetternottogo.这种结构很有用处，例如下面这类句子就都可以这样翻译：你难道不觉得这样译好些吗？Don'tyouthinkitbettertotranslateitthisway?这种种烦恼使她不能专心工作。Alltheseworriesmadeitimpossibleforhertoconcentrateonherwork.他规定堂上只能讲英语。HemadeitaruleonlytospeakEnglishinclass.2020/3/27•注:在个别的介词后可用连接代(副)词+不定式这种结构作宾语，如:Everyonehashisownideaofhowtodoit.如何做这件事各人都有不同的看法。翻译：Ifindittoosimpletosaythatapersonwhoseparentsarecriminalswillbecomeone,too.（剑5，T4，W）2020/3/274.不定式作定语有些名词后常可用一不定式作定语：Theworkersandpeasantsfeltapressingneedtolearntoreadandwrite.Theyhadnochancetogotoschoolinthoseyears.Thiswillbeagoodopportunitytoexchangeexperience.Wearestartingamovementtocleanupthecity.Wemusthavethecouragetosaythatweareignorant.能用不定式作定语的名词很多，除了上面这些之外，还有reason,effort,drive,determination,decision,tendency,struggle,intention,campaign,ambition,wish等。2020/3/27一些动词(a)和形容词(b)后面是经常跟不定式的，它们的同源名词也常用不定式作定语：(a)Theenemyfailedintheirattempttolandontheisland.敌人在岛上登陆的企图失败了。(Theenemyattemptedtolandontheisland.)Youhaven'tkeptyourpromisetowriteusregularly.你没有遵守给我们经常写信的诺言。(Youpromisedtowriteusregularly．)Iguesstheywillhavetomakesomechangesintheirplantoopenupricefields.我猜他们开发水稻田的计划得做些变动了。(Theyareplanningtoopenupricefields．)2020/3/27(b)Inhisspeechheexpressedtheirdeterminationtoachievetheirgoals.他在讲话中表达了他们实现自己目标的决心。(Theyaredeterminedtoachievetheirgoals.)Wecouldseeheranxietytosettlethethingherself.我们看得出她很想自己来解决这个问题。(Shewasanxioustosettlethethingherself.)Hiseagernesetogetbacktoworkwasquiteobvious.急于回去工作这一点是很明显的。(Hewaseagertogetbacktowork.)2020/3/27翻译：1.Thereareplentyofopportunitiesfornewtechnologiestohelpfilterandcategorizeinformation.（剑5，T3，R）2.Allstudentsaregivenchancestodeveloptheirconfidence.（剑4,G,TA,R）3.Iobjecttotheplantoexpandtheairportandincreasethenumbersofflights.（剑3,G,TB,W）2020/3/271.能够对信息进行过滤和分类的新型技术有着大量的机会。2.所有学生都有一些机会去增强自己的信心。3.我反对那项机场扩建和增加航班数量的计划。2020/3/275.不定式作状语1）目的状语表示“为了...”常用结构为todo,inordertodo,soastodo例如：Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.Icomehereonlytosaygood-byetoyou.Todoagoodjob,wemusthavetherighttools.另外，不定式也常用在soas(to)或inorder(to)后，与它合起来作状语用，表示目的:Let'shurrysoasnottobelateforthemeeting.咱们快点走，免得开会迟到。Shedecidedtoworkharderinorder(soas)tocatchupwiththeothers.Inordertoachievethisaim,wemustlearnfromothercountries.2020/3/272）作结果状语，可以表示没有预料到的或事与愿违的结果，不定式要放在句子后面。todo.../onlytodo...表结果•Iawoketofindmytruckgone.我醒来发现箱子不见了。Hesearchedtheroomonlytofindnothing.他搜索了房间，没发现什么。Hemadealongspeechonlytoshowhisignoranceofthesubject.他讲了一大段话，只暴露出他对这门学科一无所知。2020/3/273）表原因todo...I'mgladtoseeyou.见到你很高兴。Shewepttoseethesight.她一看到这情形就哭了。Wejumpedwithjoytohearthenews.我们听到这消息高兴得跳了起来2020/3/27•翻译：1.Scientistsareworkingtodiscoverthelinksbetweentheweatherandhumanbeings’moodandperformance.（剑3，T3，R）2.Ofcoursetherewereyear-to-yearfluctuations,upsanddowns,buttherewerenotstrongenoughtochangetheverystrongoveralldowntrendfortheUS,anduptrendforJapan.（剑3，T4，W）3.Childrengrowupduringthisagenottorespecttheirfamilies,buttoonlybeconcernedwiththeirownindividualwelfare.4.I’dclimbthehighestmountain,justtoseeyousmile.I’dswimtheocean,justtoholdyourhand.I’drunamillionmiles,justtobewithyouforever.2020/3/271.科学家们正致力于研究天气和人类情绪以及工作表现之间的关系。2.当然每年都存在浮动，或者升高或者降低，但是都不足以改变美国强劲的下降势头和日本强劲的上升势头。3.这个时代长大的孩子不尊重家人，而