浅析我国加工贸易转型升级

浅析我国加工贸易转型升级摘要改革开放以来，中国的加工贸易取得了长足的发展，加工贸易己经成为我国第一大对外贸易方式，对我国的经济发展起到了巨大的促进作用。但是，加工贸易在迅速发展的过程中也出现了一些不可忽视的问题，势必对我国未来的对外贸易和经济发展产生重要影响。本文正是基于这样的现状，首先，引入了加工贸易这一概念，并对其内涵及与一般贸易的区别进行论述。其次，对我国加工贸易发展现状和存在的主要问题，作出详细描述，以示调整加工贸易发展战略的必要性，最后对于加工贸易的转型升级提出对策。[关键词]我国加工贸易转型升级建议对策ABSTRACTSincereformandopeningup,China’sprocessingtradehasbeenmadeofthedevelopment,processingtradehasbecomeChina’sfirstlargeforeigntradebymeansofChina’seconomicdevelopmenthasplayedanenormousroleinpromoting.However,theprocessingtradeinarapidlythecourseofdevelopment,therehavebeensomequestionscannotbeignored,itisboundtothefutureofourcountry’sforeigntradeandeconomicdevelopmenthaveanimportantimpact.Thisarticleisbasedonthecurrentsituation,firstofall,theintroductionoftheprocessingtradeofthisconceptanditsmeaningandthedistinctionbetweengeneraltradeexpounded.Secondly,thedevelopmentofChina’sprocessingtradestatusandthemainproblemsgiveadetaileddescriptionoftheprocessingtradeadjusttoshowtheneedfordevelopmentstrategies.[Keywords]China'sprocessingtradetransformationandupgradingproposedrecommendationsandcountermeasures目录一、加工贸易概述·····················································································(1)（一）加工贸易的定义··········································································(1)（二）加工贸易与一般贸易的区别···························································(2)（三）加工贸易与一般贸易的联系···························································(3)二、我国加工贸易发展概况········································································(4)（一）我国加工贸易的发展阶段······························································(5)（二）金融危机前我国加工贸易的特点·····················································(5)1、外商投资企业成为主要经营主体························································(5)2、加工贸易中进料加工居主导地位························································(5)3、加工贸易产品结构不断优化······························································(6)4、加工贸易向下延伸势头初露端倪························································(7)5、加工贸易国内采购明显提高-·····························································(7)三﹑金融危机前我国加工贸易转型升级分析····················································(7)（一）我国加工贸易转型升级的必要性·····················································(8)（二）我国加工贸易转型升级面临的困难··················································(9)四、金融危机对我国加工贸易的影响····························································(11)（一）由于金融危机的影响，国际市场对我国产品需求减弱·························(11)（二）市场竞争更为激烈······································································(12)（三）危机致使贸易保护主义抬头，进一步减少订单··································(12)五、我国加工贸易转型升级对策·································································(13)（一）我国加工贸易转型升级方向························································(13)1、产品升级·····················································································(13)2、主体升级·····················································································(13)3、链升级························································································(13)4、区域升级·····················································································(14)（二）我国加工贸易转型升级的对策·····················································(14)参考文献································································································(17)1浅析我国加工贸易转型升级我国的加工贸易是伴随着改革开放的不断深化而发展的，我国的加工贸易1978年起步，从无由有，从小到大，在我国对外贸易中的地位日益显著。加工贸易已经占据了我国对外贸易的半壁江山。2008年在金融危机的冲击下，我国加工贸易受到巨大影响。新的挑战要求我们必须借鉴世界其它国家加工贸易的先进经验，并联系中国的实际，从战略的角度来思考和改革我国的加工贸易。着力吸引跨国公司把更高技术水平、更大增值含量的加工制造环节和研发机构转移到我国，引导加工贸易转型升级。一、加工贸易概述(一)加工贸易的定义由于在其他国家的对外贸易统计中，并没有与我国“加工贸易”相对应的概念，而类似的说法有“对外加工装配业务”(ExternalProcessingandAssembling)，“委托加工出口业务”(ProcessingDealforExport)，“原厂设备制造”(OriginalEquipmentManufacturing简称OEM)。根据美国个人计算机网络大辞典的定义即“当某一企业(原始设备制造者)从别的企业采购大量的配件或成品并冠以自身的品牌进行再加工和直接销售的制造及营销方式”，据其含义从买方的角度就是外包生产并以己方产品的形式提供市场的行为，从供给方的角度就是按照对方要求生产对方品牌产品并由对方负责销售的交易形态。在中国，加工贸易的概念源自海关业务，根据2004年2月发布的中华人民共和国海关总署令第113号《中华人民2共和国海关对加工贸易货物监管办法》中的规定，加工贸易是指经营企业进口全部或部分原辅材料、零部件、元器件、包装物料(以下简称料件)，经加工或者装配后，将制品复出口的经营活动。比较它们的共性，可以看出“加工贸易”基本特征，即从广义上看，就是外国的企业(通常是工业发达国家和新兴工业化国家和地区的企业)以投资的方式把某些生产能力转移到东道国或者利用东道国己有的生产能力为自己加工装配产品，然后运出东道国境外销售。这种跨越国界的生产和销售，使加工贸易同国际投资及国际贸易紧密相联，体现了商品和资本交换的国际化；从狭义上看，就是部分国家对来料加工或进料加工采用海关保税监管的贸易。由于一些发展中国家存在较高的关税或非关税壁垒，为扩大对外贸易或吸引外商直接投资，采取了以来料或进料方式进口原材料、零部件由海关实行保税监管的办法。（二）加工贸易与一般贸易区别1、参与贸易的产品不同。一般贸易产品在生产过程中所需的资源主要分布在国内经济体系中，在出口时完全符合本国原产地原则；而加工贸易则充分利用国内外两个经济体系中的资源，进口原料、中间产品等，在国内加工或装配后再复出口，因此它并不完全符合我国原产地规则，与我国相关产业之间的关联度也不如一般贸易。2、参与贸易企业的利益不同。一般贸易企业获得收益来自生产成本和国际市场价格之间的差价，其利润取决于自身比较优势的大小。相比较，加工贸易进口原料与出口产品的价格均由国际市场决定，本国加工贸易企业实质上只是赚取加工费。因此，加工贸易企业的经3济收益不如一般贸易企业。3、缴纳的关税不同。一般贸易的进口需缴纳进口环节税，出口时征收增值税再退还部分税收。由于加工贸易的进口最终会包含在出口产品中，如对其征收进口关税会扭曲进口投入品的价格，降低我国出口产品国际竞争力，所以对加工贸易进口物料实行海关保税监管，出口也不再征收增值税。（三）加工贸易与一般贸易的联系首先，加工贸易出口市场是一个开放的竞争性市场，即使我国不发展加工贸易，这部分市场也不会自动留给一般贸易出口。从事加工贸易的外国投资者可以在其他国家，如东盟国家加工出口。因此我国发展加工贸易只是挤占了其他发展中国家在第三国的市场。从过去十多年来，中国和东亚其他经济体的多种劳动密集型产品在美国市场份额的增减，可以清楚的证明这一点。其次，加工贸易的发展有助于增强一般贸易出口产品的竞争力。因为加工贸易具有技术与管理方面的“溢出效应”，加工贸易的配套企业的竞争力能得到很大的提高。这些加工贸易的配套企业可能同时也为一般贸易出口企业配套，这样，一般贸易出口企业的产品质量也会相应得到提高。此外，加工贸易配套企业制造能力的提高，还为一些新产品的发展提供了基础，有利于扩大一般贸易出口。第