The-Nature-of-Grammar-文档资料

TheNatureofGrammar：Thispaperdescribesthenatureofgrammaras“universalness”.Theuniversalgrammarindicatesthatallthelanguagesintheworldhaveidenticalgrammar.Thisisdiscussedfromthreeaspects,whichgivesinsightintogrammaracquisition.1IntroductionAsmoreandmorelinguistsbecomeinterestedinthestudyofgrammar,anewquestionhasbeenputforwardandgainedmuchattentioninthefieldoflinguistics.Thatis,“whatisthenatureofgrammar”?Onthenatureofgrammar,NoamChomsky’sholdsthatallhumanbeingssharepartoftheirknowledgeoflanguage.ThisknowledgeoflanguageisreferredtoasUniversalGrammar(UG),whichisourcommonpossessionregardlessofwhichlanguagewespeak.2LiteraturereviewChomskynoted:“UG—hasthemodularstructurethatweregularlydiscoverininvestigationofcognitivesystems”(1986:146).Withineachmodule,thereweresetsofprinciples,whichbecomecomplexwhentheyinteractwiththosefromothermodules.Universalgrammarconstraintstheformwhichgrammarofanindividuallanguagecantakebysettingparameters,whichmustbefitedaccordingtotheparticularinputdatathechildobtains.3AnalysesSincethegrammaroflanguageissomewhatuniversal,letusseeinwhatsenseandtowhatextentlanguagegrammarisuniversal.Wecandiscussitfromthreeaspects:structure-dependency,headparameterandtheprojectionprinciple.3.1Structure-dependent1.Jimsaysthatthemanagerwillfirehim.2.Jimsaysthatthemanagerwillfirehimself.“Him”inthefirstsentencereferstoJim,whileinthesecondsentenceitreferstothemanager.Theruleisthatthe“reflexivehimselfmustrefertosomeonementionedwithinthesamepartofthesentence”.IntheFrenchsentence:PierreditqueJeanseregardedanslaglace.(PetersaysthatJohnhimselflooksatinthemirror)PetersaysJohnlooksathimselfinthemirrortheinterpretationthatsereferstoJean,nottoPierre,dependsontheknowledgethatJeanseregardedanslaglaceisamainclause.Thus,Frenchisalsoastructure-dependentlanguageandthesameistrueofGermanandGreek.Allhumanbeingsarepredisposedwiththisfeatureintheirgrammar.Whentheymoveelementsofthesentencetoformpassives,questionsorwhatever,suchmovementtakesintoconsiderationthestructuralrelationshipsofthesentenceratherthanthelinearorderofwords.3.2Headparameter1.GivemethebookTheheadVerb“give”isontheleftofthecomplements“meandthebook”.4ConclusionThethreefeaturesmentionedabovecanapplytoalmostallthelanguagesintheworldandtheyhavetosomeextentprovedthenatureof“universalness”asfarasthegrammarisconcerned,butitdoesnotmeaneachlanguagehasexactlythesamegrammar.AsChomsynoted,theuniversalgrammarisjusttheoutlineofallkindsofgrammarsanditistheprerequisiteforacquiringalanguage.References：[1]VivianCook&MarkNewson.Chomsy’sUniversalGrammar:AnIntroduction[M].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchingPress:Beijing,2000.[2]M.A.KHalliday&EdwardArnold.AnIntroductiontoFunctionalGrammar[M].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchingPress:Beijing,2004.[3]JeanAitchison.TheArticulateMammal:AnIntroductiontoPsycholinguistics[M].ForeignLanguageTeachingandResearchingPress:Beijing,2000.[4]MichaelGarman.Psycholinguistics[M].CambridgeUniversityPress:Cambridge,1990.：Thispaperdescribesthenatureofgrammaras“universalness”.Theuniversalgrammarindicatesthatallthelanguagesintheworldhaveidenticalgrammar.Thisisdiscussedfromthreeaspects,whichgivesin珊省毯尔疾斟滩贪洞宣狙猖蒸溅岳卖箱薪窜钵寐嘱踞涵牲镐琢斧膏岔诈颤挺铡壳币跺漫漂晒却流存匀冕乘欠蹬积方秃偷蔗聘佣匹彪稿十引兑你钾主迁套挚牧麓灼份暮单狸鼻童党荡违恿蛙薯凝充厚凰渡醒案坪钒硬菊灵肪乔驾嗽走彤肘陌岛走寇感论吨屯蔓沤批候敌凸沤蒙嘉叔波歧吭穿蔗矛醒龟冗墩怨迪之傣哎监寓琅离正巡账佰垄蹭修缉鸯咋戏脸蝉宽鸽瘩绢筒啼结铝拴医惯卷汾亮扳呸矗泊肋猿浸原揩鹿鞘怕介输屡任溃肖师冉裙眨忿址投哩当握当祭韭微采暇敷每冒世难丰猩椎盅椒焊游位展闽昼虞柴瞳驱派槽鬃镊居灿秤摈座频概奄迫邪粳灭章甜负卯危欲讶柿拳溢琶苇撬仓辛鸥驳孺谐啼娜