学术综合英语unit1-unit5课后翻译及答案

Unit1Outlinesareessentialtoeffectivespeeches.Byoutlining,youmakesurethatrelatedideasaretogether,thatyourthoughtsflowfromonetoanother,andthatthestructureofyourspeechiscoherent.Youwillprobablyusetwokindsofoutlinesforyourspeeches--thedetailedpreparationoutlineandthebriefspeakingoutline.Inapreparationoutline,youshouldstateyourspecificpurposeandcentralidea,andidentifymainpointsandsub--pointsusingaconsistentpattern.Thespeakingoutlineshouldconsistofbriefnotestohelpyouwhileyoudeliverthespeech.Itshouldcontainkeywordsorphrasestobolsteryourmemory.Inmakingupyourspeakingoutline,followthesamevisualframeworkusedinyourpreparationoutline.Keepthespeakingoutlineasbriefaspossibleandbesureitisplainlylegible.发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法是关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，你的讲话结构是连贯的，通常准备演讲你可以采用两种提纲方式：详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式确定主要观点和次要观点。发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给你一些帮助。发言提纲还应包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的模式，尽可能使你的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清晰、易于辨认。当你发表学术演讲时，首先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲的主要观点要明确，层次要清楚。演讲时，语速不要过快，语言要清晰。不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。最后，你应该经常看一下你的听众。这样，一方面你对你的听众表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更顺利地进行你的演讲。Beforeyoudeliveranacademicspeech,youshould,firstofal,getwellpreparedforit.Then,youshouldmakeyourmajorpointsclearinyourspeech,andyourspeechshouldbewellorganized.Whenspeaking,youshouldnotspeaktoofast,andyourlanguageshouldbeexplicit.Don’talwaysreadthenotesyoupreparedbeforehand.Fromtimetotime,youshouldlookatyouraudience.Ononehand,youcanshowyourrespecttoyouraudience,andontheotherhand,youwillbeabletogoonwithyourspeechmoresmoothly.Unit2Energyhasadualrelationshipwithhumanwell-being.Formostofhumanhistory,manhasbeenconcernedmainlyaboutthebenefitsideoftheenergy－well-beingequationthanktothelowcostsinvolvedinenergyuse.However,withthestaggeringscaleofenergydemandbroughtforthby100yearsofunprecedentedpopulationgrowth,coupledwithanequallyremarkablegrowthinpercapitademandofindustrialenergyforms,energyentailsincreasinglyhighercosts,bothexternalandinternalized.Ontheonehand,energyresourcesarereducingatanacceleratingspeedandenergysupplyrequireshigherinput.Ontheotherhand,theexternalcostsseemmoreworrisomebecauseenergyuseposesseriousthreatstopublichealthandsafety,keepsdisruptingtheglobalecosystem,andmaytriggerlarge-scalemilitaryconflict.能源和人类利益有着双重关系，人力历史发展长河中，由于利用能源成本低廉，人们主要关注能源和人类安康关系中有利的一面，然而，过去一百年来人口以空前速度增长，引起了能源需求的激增，同时，人均工业能源需求亦急剧增长，因此，能源利用所需成本越来越高，无论是外延成本还是内涵成本。一方面，能源资源加速减少，能源供应所需投入越来越高；另一方面，相比之下，外延成本呢更加令人忧虑，原因是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突。以上各种因素究竟如何影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化，部分原因是许多非环境因素实际上同环境因素相互交织在一起。比如，造成工程施工延误的原因，不但有管理上的限制，而且有工程、管理以及质量监控等方面的问题。然而在美国，过去20年中由于环境影响，石油产品供应的资金成本至少上升了25%，而火电和核电生产的资金成本则上升了40%，甚至更多。Itisdifficulttoquantifythetotalcontributionofallthesefactorstothemonetarycostsofenergysupply,inpartbecausefactorsnotrelatedtotheenvironmentareoftenentwinedwithenvironmentalones.Forexample,constructiondelayshavebeencausednotjustbyregulatoryconstraintsbutalsobyproblemsofengineering,managementandqualitycontrol.Nevertheless,intheUS,environmentalimpactshaveincreasedthemonetarycostsofsupplyingpetroleumproductsbyatleast25percentduringthepast20years,andthecostsofgeneratingelectricityfromcoalandnuclearpowerby40percentormore.Unit3Twofatalwrecksinlessthana24-hourperiodovertheThanksgivingweekendkolledthreepeople,bringingtosixthenumbeiofdeathinthepasttwoweeksonSpringfieldcitystreets.Withonemonthleftintheyear,atleast17peoplehavebeenkilledinfatalityaccidentsinSpringfield,includingthethreemembersofaChicagofamilywhodiedtheweekendbeforeoninterstate44.OnSunday,springfieldhusbandandwifeJonBauer,58,andJuanitaBauer,59,diedinthe2400blockofSouthGlenstoneAvenue.Accordingtopolice,JonBauer’ssouthbound2001HyundaiSantaFesideswipeda1995ChryslerCirrus,alsoheadingsouthbound,drivenbyChaddRohde,27,ofMountainHome,Ark,ataround10:30a.m.JonBauer’svehiclecontinuedsouthandstruckabrickwallandutilitypoleatSpringfieldNationgalCemetry.TheSpringfieldFireDepartmentextractedthecouplefromthevehicle.JuanitaBauerwaspronounceddeadatthescene.JonBauer,whowanunconscious,wastransportedtoSt.John’sRegionalMedicalCenter,wherehewaslaterpronounceddead.Trafficwasshutdownforfourhoursaspoliceinvestigatedthecrash.在感恩节的周末，24小时内发生了2起车祸，撞死了3个人，使得过去两周里斯普林菲尔德城市道路上死亡人数上升到6人。本年度还剩下最后一个月，在斯普林菲尔德至少有17人死于车祸，其中包括上周在44号洲际公路上撞死的来自芝加哥的一家三口。周日，斯普林菲尔德的一对夫妇，58岁的乔恩鲍尔和59岁的詹尼特。鲍尔在南格林斯顿大道的2400街区被车撞死。据警察讲述，上午十点左右，乔恩鲍尔南行的2001现代圣达菲擦边撞上了一辆同样往南开的1995年生产的克莱斯勒斯柔斯，司机是27岁的查德。罗德，来自阿肯色州的山居。乔恩。鲍尔的车继续南行，撞在斯普林菲尔德国家公墓的砖墙上，有撞上了一根公用电线杆。斯普林菲尔德消防队把这对夫妻从车里拉出来，詹特妮。鲍尔被当场宣布死亡，乔恩。鲍尔不省人事，被送到圣约翰地区医疗中心，之后也被宣布死亡。警察在调查现场时交通被关闭了四小时。美国的研究人员使用了一种模拟驾驶器，观察40名志愿者分别在手持手机通话驾驶、酒后驾驶以及专心驾驶的过程。结果显示：共有三名志愿者发生追尾事故，司机当时均在打手机状态下。研究发现：无论手机是否处于免提状态，司机在通话状态下会放慢车速。此外，采取刹车措施的反应速度也会减慢9%，二刹车后加速的速度又会减慢19%。Usingadrivingsimulator,someUSresearchersstudiedthedrivingof40people.Someofthemdrovewhiletalkingonacellphone,othersnavigatedwhiledrunk,andothersdrovewithnosuchdistractionsorimpairments.Theresultsshowedthattherewerethreeaccidentsinwhichthedriversweretalkingoncellphones--alloftheminvolvingarear-ending.Theresearchhasfoundthatthosetalkingonthephonewhiledrivingaremoresluggish.Inaddition,talkingonthecellphonecanreducerea