哥伦布发现新大陆(英文版)

theDiscoveryofAmericaTherearemainlythreeaspects.BackgroundofvoyagesVoyagesofChristopherColumbusThesignificanceofthediscoveryofAmericabackgroundofvoyages1.ReligiousfactorsReligiouswasoneimportantfactorenforcedEuropeincludingSpaintoexpandabroad.TheSpanish,whobelieveinCatholicism(天主教),conflictingwithMuslimsfrequently.In1492,KingFerdinand(国王费迪南二世)andQueenIsabella(王后伊莎贝拉一世)conqueredGranada(格拉纳达),thelastMuslimstrongholdontheIberianpeninsula(伊比利亚半岛).ButSpaindidn’tstopexpansion.Breakingthesearoadmeettherequirement.Spainalsohaveanotherconspiracy,that’sunitedtheemperorofeasternMongoliamakingaflankattackonMuslims.2.TerritorypressureandambitionAlongtheroadofAfricatowardseastontheseawasmonopolizedbyPortuguese(葡萄牙),andtheroadonlandwasblockedbyMuslims.Inordertodevelopanoverseasempire,Spaindecidedtosetupanotherroadtoeast.3.ThegreedforwealthEuropehadlongenjoyedasafepassagetoChinaandIndia------thegoldandsourcesofvaluedgoodssuchassilk,spicesetc.TheeastofMediterranean(地中海)wasunderOttoman’s(土耳其)control,whichwasthetraditionalcommercialroadthrougheastandwest.Spain,atthesametime,havingcompletedanexpensivewar,wasdesperateforacompetitiveedgeoverotherEuropeancountriesintradewiththeEastIndies(东印度群岛).4.PoliticalsystemSpainhadalreadyestablishedunifiedcentralizedcentralautocracy(统一集权的中央专治制度),theQueencancentralizeandmanoeuvre(调动)qualifiedpersonnel,materialresourcesandfinancialresourcestomakeexplorations.5.AboutChristopherColumbusWhenChristopherColumbusinPortugal,heobtainedrichexperienceofoceanicnavigation,learnedmuchknowledgeofastronomy,geography,hydrology(水文学)andmeteorology(气象学).VoyagesofChristopherColumbusOntheeveningofAugust3,1492,ColumbusdepartedfromPalos(帕斯洛—西班牙港口)withthreeships:onelargercarrack,SantaMaria(圣玛利亚号),andtwosmallercaravels,Pinta（平塔号）andSantaClara（尼尼雅号）.ClickheretointerlinkthevideoColumbusfirstsailedtotheCanaryIslands(加那利群岛),whereherestockedtheprovisionsandmaderepairs,andonSeptember6,hestartedwhatturnedouttobeafive-weekvoyageacrosstheocean.SinceSeptember9,Columbusbegantohidetherealnavigationalspeedandmiles,avoidedthatsailorsmayalarmedfortheytoofarawayfromtheland.September14,explorationpartybegantodiscoverseabirdconstantly.Itseemsthatthelandisrightinfrontofthem.AndonSeptember16,theydiscoveredmuchgrass,whichlookslikeagreenhill.Infact,whattheymetwasjustSargassoSea(马尾藻海),whichwas4,500,000sq.km.September20,somesailorswasupsetandangry.Theywereafraidoftheymaydieofthirstorstarvationlongbeforereachingthedestination.October11,theysawsomerattan(藤荆),onesapling(小树),oneprogressedplank(加工过的木板)etc.Landwassightedat2amonOctober12,1492.ColumbuscalledthefirstislandtheyreachedwasSanSalvador(圣萨瓦尔多岛),butthenativescalleditGuanahani(瓜那哈尼岛).Theindigenouspeopleheencountedwerepeacefulandfriendly.Inhisjournalhewrotethem,“Itappearstome,thatthepeopleareingeniousandwouldbegoodservants.”Hedidn’tfindgoldintheseplaces,buthefoundthepeculiarcropsofAmerica----corn,potatoandsweetpotato.October28,ColumbusexploredthenortheastcoastofCuba.Theyfoundthegoldofplant----tobaccohere.Afterthat,theSpanishlearnedsmokingquickly,andsmokingspreadallovertheworldonlyfortyyearslater.TheSantaMaria(圣玛利亚号)ranagroundonChrismasmorning1492andhadtobeabandoned.OnJanuary6,1493,ColumbusreturnedtoSpain,thefirstvoyageexplorationinhumanhistorywhichlasted224daysfinished.Columbus’reporttotheroyalcourtinMadrid(马德里—西班牙首都)wasextravagant.HeinsistedhehadreachedAsia.Hisdescriptionswerepartfact,partfiction.WordsofhisfindingnewlandwastranslateddozensoflanguagesspreadingthroughoutEuroperapidlyAfterthat,Columbusdidhissecondvoyage(1493—1496),Thethirdvoyage(1498--1500),thistime,hesetfeetontheSouthAmerica.thefourthvoyage(1502—1504).OnMay20,1506,ChristopherColumbusdied.Untilhisdeath,hestillinsistedthatwhathediscoveredwasIndia,notAmerica.ThesignificanceofthediscoveryofAmerica1.HesetupthenewroadfromEuropetoAmericaacrosstheAtlanticOcean,asaresult,thenewcontinentandtheoldcontinentconnectedtogether.2.Columbusvoyagecameatacriticaltimeofgrowingnationalimperialismandeconomiccompetitionbetweendevelopingnationstatesseekingwealthfromtheestablishmentoftraderoutesandcolonies.ColumbussuccessfulvoyageopenedthedoorforEurope’sexpansion,invadeandconqurertowardedthenewland.Spainsoonbecamethefirstempireonwhichthesunneversets.TheIndiansofAmericasoonfellintoendlessabyssofbitterness(无尽的苦难之中).ColumbusvoyagesfirstlydiscoveredthepeculiarcropsofAmerica----tobacco,corn,potatoetc.Butatthesametime,theymadethevenerealdisease---syphilis(梅毒)spreadtoEurope.Columbusvoyagesdrewbackthecurtainofdiscoveryofthenewcontinent,andlaidanimportantfoundationforMagellan’ssailingaroundtheworld(麦哲伦环球航行).