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Transgeneandgeneknockoutinstudyinggenefunctions丁玉强dingyuqiang@vip.163.com功能缺失(Lossoffunction):KO,CKO,RNAi获得功能(Gainoffunction):Transgenic,virus-based在体invivo与离体invitro描述性报告vs机理研究报告研究设计:假说(可能性)—验证—总结(论文)研究基因功能的两个策略小鼠基因敲除和转基因这两项技术是用来制备目的基因失活和表达的小鼠。优势:在体研究基因的功能。应用和意义:–使得遗传学、肿瘤学、免疫学、发育生物学等学科取得了惊人的进步,这些研究潜在的商业性价值不可估量。基因敲除(knockout)和基因敲入(knockin)KO过程也称基因打靶(genetargeting),利用DNA同源重组,在基因组中的某一特定部位进行定点的基因置换,用无功能基因替换目的基因或Delete目的基因。根据需要(如验证A与B在功能上有某种关联),在敲除基因A时,将有功能的基因B放在A基因的位置,即A是KO,B是Knockin。基因敲除的基本程序1、构建打靶载体Targetingvector1)同源序列Homologousarms2)打靶载体常含两种筛选标志NeorHSV-tkpositiveselectionneor:新霉素抗性基因,neor基因存在于打靶载体内,当重组(同源或随机整合)后,ES细胞能在含新霉素G418的培养液中生长negativeselection1.HSV-tk:单纯疱疹病毒的胸腺嘧啶激酶基因,该基因产物可分解单核苷酸类似物(ganciclovir)生成毒性产物,产生自杀效果同源重组时:Tk-基因丢失,ES细胞存活随机整合时:Tk-基因存在,ES细胞死亡2.DTA(diphtheriafragmentA):不用给药2、将载体导入ES细胞TargetingvectorintroducedbyelectroporationTargetinggeneHomologousrecombinationRecombinantswithrandominsertion-containingbothneoandtkSelectionforneorpositiveSelectionforTKnegativeEScellswithhomologousrecombinationESCells3.筛选进行了同源重组的ES细胞4、将基因敲除ES细胞注射入囊胚,形成嵌合胚胎,得到嵌合体小鼠,而后筛选培育阳性子代小鼠。ConventionalKnockoutMutationofLmx1binmiceInforelimb,dorsalfeature(hairfollicles)isreplacedbyventralone(footpads).(Chenetal.,Nat.Genetics,1998)Lmx1bisessentialfordevelopmentof5-HT+neurons(Dingetal.,Nat.Neurosci.,2003)Conditionalknockout(CKO)(Tissue-orcelltype-specific)条件Floxedmice目的基因(A)被两个LoxP位点包绕Cremice转基因小鼠,Cre在特定细胞内表达同时表达目的基因(A)和Cre的细胞内的A基因被敲除,其他细胞表达的A基因不受影响Raphenuclei-specificdeletionofLmx1b(Daietal.,PNAS,2008)(functionalCreexaminationwithRosa26reportermice)MatingviableCKOmiceloseessentiallyall5-HTergicneuronsinthebrainTime-controlCKO(Daietal.,JCompNeurol,2008)GenerationofPet1-CreERmice(Songetal.,PlosOne)CreER位于胞浆内,不具有活性;在tamoxifen存在情况下,转位入核发挥作用。Lmx1bisrequiredfor5-HTexpressioninAdultBrain5-HTimmunostainingtph2immunostainingOthermethodsingeneKnockoutENU-basedmutagenesisN-ethyl-N-nitrosourea(ENU)wasdevelopedasanefficientmutagenthatwouldcausepointmutationsandsmalldeletionsinmice.IteasytodesigncloselyspacedDNAmarkersformappingofmutations.TheClusteredRegularlyInterspacedShortPalindromicRepeats(CRISPR):RNA-GuidedEndonucleasetechnologyforgenomeengineering.Twocomponents:(1)aguideRNA(2)anendonuclease,CRISPRassociated(Cas)nuclease,Cas9.:1.whichtypeofcellsyouareinterested(e.g.isletcells,dopaminergicneurons)2.whatgeneyouwanttoexpressMakingvectors1.Knownpromotorandenhancer2.Unknowncases–BAC-basedmethodFoundermice:transgenicmicethatdevelopfromtheinjectedeggsTransgenicmice:micethataredeterminedtopresenceoftheinjectedgeneStableline:duetomultipleinsertion美国TheJacksonLaboratory-世界最大的小鼠品系仓库南京国家小鼠资源中心资源库坐落于南京市浦口高新区,占地100亩,建筑面积7800平方米,小鼠笼位3万多个,各项指标已通过省实验动物环境与设施的监测。引进和自主构建小鼠品系达150多种。南京国家小鼠资源中心SPF饲养要求Specificpathogenfree-SPF饲养环境和动物没有特定的病原感染动物福利:环境、对待动物的方式使用量:最小化为原则MouseCare:BarrierAccommodationwithIndividuallyVentilatedCageRacks空气过滤(万级)、控温和控湿动物防护:更衣、口罩、手套、头套子宫内胚胎电转技术inuteroelectroporation•功能缺失(LOF):KO,CKO,RNAi•获得功能(GOF):Transgenic,virus-based•不利的因素:Labor-andtime-consumingSpecialistandequipmentareneeded研究分子功能的两个策略•在体电转技术,可以在任何组织,任何时期(发育和成年)进行LOF和GOF实验–LOF:RNAi(virus-based,orvector-based)–GOF:Over-expressingwhatyouwant•依赖于稳定可靠的在体电转仪的出现Invivo电转的原理电转后瞬间细胞膜上被击出的孔带电的质粒在电场作用下胞内的形式Vectors•LOF(RNAi):pSuper•GOF:pCAGGS,强大启动子,表达时间长子宫内胚胎电转InUteroElectroporation•动物:鸡胚,小鼠,大鼠–胎龄:•鸡胚:越小越容易•小鼠、大鼠:越大越容易•部位:神经系统、肌肉、胃肠道、皮肤、心脏肾脏、眼睛等等实例一神经细胞迁移DingYQetal.,Development,2005MisexpressionofDCCinducesventralmigrationofspinalneuronsDingYQetal.,Development,2005DingYQetal.,Development,2004实例二Knockdown---RNAiRNAirevealsthatdoublecortinisrequiredforradialmigrationinratneocortex.NatNeurosci.20036:1277-83实例三如何开始?•几个原则:–在水或中性的缓冲液内质粒是带负电的–质粒在电场的作用下可以进入细胞内–质粒必须在目的细胞的周围•BTXhasaproduct(ECM830)thatisabletodothisjobefficiently()–Misexpressionvector:pCAGGGS–RNAivector:pSuper–Injectionvectorsintobrainventricle–Electricpulses–Putembryosback•Fordetailedprocedures,pleasereadthepaperinDevBio,240:237,2003,byTSaito.电转后GFP在大脑皮层的表达Saito&Nakatsuji.,DevBio,2001研究大脑皮层神经元产生迁移Temporalandpositionalchangesofelectroporatedneuronsinthecortex(Chenetal.,NatNeurosci,2008)RNAi方法降低Dcx在大脑皮层的表达导致皮层板层形成障碍(BaiJetal.,NatureNeurosci,2003)MutationsinDCXinhumanscausemalformationofthecerebralneocortex.Paradoxically,geneticdeletionofDcxinmicedoesnotcauseneocorticalmalformation.However,.…Technically,electroporationaloneisenoughfor….其他脑区•Cingulatecortex•Hippocampus•Striatum•Thalamus•Hypothalamus•Brainstem•DRG胚胎电转注意事项之一:时间点选择•利用神经系统的细胞产生的时间不同,可选择转入至目的细胞Forneocortex:–LayersV-VI:E12.5–LayerIV:E13.5-E14.5–LayersII-III:E15.5•注意:应考虑到对神经母细胞的影响在成年神经系统内的应用定位注射质粒到目的脑区:电击:电压、Pulse数观察改变:细胞水平、行为学(WeiFetal.,JNeurosci,2002)更多应用一次电转多种质粒Green-EYFP;Blue-ECFP;Red-DsRed•UseTet-onorTet-offsystemtotemporallycontrolexpressionofgenesofinterest.•UseCre-Loxpsystemtotransientlyexpressgenesofinterest.(Mizutami&Saito,Development,2005)适时表达,适时中止鸡胚电转•Morewidelyused•Easytoaccess•Eggsarecheap•forbothGOFandLOF(Odanietal.,Development,GrowthandDifferentiation,200,Vol6)(Xieetal.,
本文标题:小鼠转基因研究方法
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