chapter 1(1) introduction

邱银香Email:[e-mail]:1E3467546773QQ:1137876102ComparisonsofChineseandWesternCultures中西文化比较•我们的军事家，若能学一点比较文化，就似如虎添翼，定能更好地知己知彼，运筹帷幄、决胜于千里之外。•我们的外交家，若有比较文化的修养，定能更好地纵横捭阖、广交朋友，为我国“四化”创造出一个最良好的国际环境。•我们的外贸干部，如果不了解自己的文化和外国的文化，怎么能做好生意、扩大外贸？•我们的一切涉外人员，如果不学习比较文化，怎么能广交朋友、发展同各国人民的友谊？•我们的一切直接和间接与兄弟民族打交道的同志，如果不学比较文化，怎么能促进全国各族人民的大团结？•——引自何道宽：介绍一门新兴学科——跨文化的交际，载《外国语文教学》1983年第2期caseone:compliment“Mr.Jordan,Iamsohappytomeetyou.Ijustwanttotellyou,youarethebestbasketballplayerintheworld;youarethegreatest!”“Thankyouverymuch,Ireallywantappreciateit!IjusttrytodomybesteverytimeIsteponthecourt.”caseone:complimentMs.Deng,youarethebest!”“No,Ireallydon’tplayallwell,you’remuchtookind.”Question•Whyistheredifferentresponsestothesamecompliment?Ladiesandgentleman,Iamdelightedtointroducetoyouaveryprettygirl,MissBrown.SheisaverygoodteacherfromtheU.S.A…Casethree:•OneforeignexpertvisitsaChinesecompany，onememberfromthiscompanysays：“请提出宝贵意见！”Pleasetranslatethissentence:A.“Pleasegiveusyourvaluableopinions.”C.“Wearelookingforwardtogettingyourvaluableopinions.B.“Youropinionswillbeappreciated.”Key:B.“Youropinionswillbeappreciated.”Casefour:AfterMr.Smithhavefinishedhislecture,onestudentthinkthelectureisasuccessfulone,hemaysay•A.“Dr.Smith,you’vemadeawonderfullecture.”•B.“Thankyouforyourexcellentlecture.”•C.“Ireallyappreciateyourlecture,Dr.Smith.”Key:C.“Ireallyappreciateyourlecture,Dr.Smith.”•Whichisthemiddleoftheweek？Itis:A、Tuesday•B、Wednesday•C、Thursday•D、Friday•六十年代，我们常用汉语的文化、英语的语言编写英文教材。•What’syourname?Howoldareyou?Howmanypeoplearethereinyourfamily?Howmuchdoyougetamonth?•四季青人民公社（课文）•“Ｗeneverasksuchquestions!”•Wife:John,yourchildrenandmychildrenarefightingwithourchildren!•---Howmanychildrendoyouhave?---Well,letmesee.2fromthefirstmarriage,3fromthesecondmarriage,and4fromthethirdmarriage.HowmanydoIhavethen?Discuss•Canyouthinkofmoreexamplestoshowtheculturaldifferences?ThetaskandteachingaimofthiscourseDuringthelearningprocessyouwillseethatallpeopleexhibitculturallyconditionedbehaviors,approachthediversityofcultures,learntoappreciatesimilaritiesandrespectdifferencesbetweencultures,becomeawareofpotentialproblemsininterculturalcommunicationanddevelopanabilitytodealwiththem.Besides,youaregoingtohaveabetterunderstandingofyourownnativecultureofwhichyoumaynotbealwaysawarejustbecauseyouareinit.Culturaldifferenceineverydayconversation5Words–same,similarordifferent?2MetaphorandAssociation(1)3MetaphorandAssociation(2)4introduction1ContentsProverbs,idiomsandallusions6Languageofrespectandhumanity7Euphemismsandtaboos8Somedifferencesinwritingstyle9Nonverbalcommunication10教学内容•第一章：引论：1）语言和文化的关系,•2）中西方思维、性格、价值观念的差异•第二章：词语的文化差异和词的涵义•第三章：英汉语中的动物词汇――比喻和联想•第四章：英汉语中的色彩词——再谈比喻和联想•第五章：日常谈话中的文化差异•第六章：成语、谚语和典故，•第七章：敬语和谦词•第八章：委婉语和禁忌语•第九章：文体的区别第十章：非语言交际——身势语差异教学重点•该课程教学通过中西方语言文化对比，重点在于培养学生对英语国家文化的了解及跨文化交际意识,提高驾驭英语语言的能力,从而使其能得体地运用语言与操英语的外国人士进行交流。语言的最高境界不止是掌握语言形式，而是掌握语言形式以完成语言的交际功能。－－DouglasBrownDiscussthedefinitionofculture•Today,cultureisawordthatweoftenhear,readandeventalkof,suchasChineseculture,Englishculture,Teaculture,Campusculture,andsoon.Butwhenitcomestothemeaningofculture,itmaynotbeeasytogiveitasatisfactorydefinition.Pleasewritedownwhatevercomestoyourmindwhenyouhearorthinkofculture.Next,trytofigureouthowtheyarerelatedtoculture.I.Whatisculture？•译：他没有文化。F:Hedoesnothaveculture.T:Heisilliterate.2.Toananthropologistthewordculturemeansallthewaysinwhichagroupofpeopleact,dress,think,andfeel.I.Whatisculture?1.Peoplewhoknowaboutart,musicandliteraturearecultured….3.Peoplehavetolearntheculturalwaysoftheircommunity:theyarenotsomethingthatthepeopleinthegrouparebornwith.Discussthedefinitionofculture•Cultureisthetotalwayoflifethatagroupofpeopleshares.•Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behaviors,andartifactsthatthemembersofasocietyusetocopewiththeirworldandwithoneanother,andthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.Whatisculture?•cultureconsistsofallthesharedproductsofhumansociety”(Robert,1981)Includingmaterialthingsascities,organizationsandschools,butalsonon-materialthingssuchasideas,familypatterns,languages.•Allinall,culturereferstotheentirewayoflifeofasociety,“thewaysofapeople.”文化的内涵•表层文化：有形的物质文化（tangible)–服饰、饮食、建筑、戏曲等•中层文化：社会关系/制度–礼仪习俗、行为方式等•深层文化：精神/观念文化–价值观念、思维方式、社会心理等隐性的unobservable价值观念、交际模式、行为准则、社会关系、人生态度等显性的observable服装、语言、音乐、食品、活动、文学、建筑等文化特性(Likeaniceberg)文化的特征•民族性–生存环境、生存方式的不同形成了不同的民族文化(mainculture,sub-culture)•稳定性–在积淀中形成，发展变化缓慢、文化内核不变•继承性–在社会发展中发展，源远流长Various“牛”吹牛――talkhorse孺子牛――willinghorse牛饮――eat/drinklikeahorse健壮如牛――ashealthyasahorse老黄牛――worklikeahorse强按牛头不喝水――Youcanleadahorsetotheriver,butyoucanneverexpecttoforceitdrink.英语语言中的词汇与文化息息相关，每一次重大的社会文化生活发生变动（英国历史上1066年的诺曼征服，文艺复兴，英国工业革命，美国历史上的西进运动，等等），就会有一批相应的词汇特别是习语出现。industry（工业），democracy（民主），class（阶级），art（艺术），culture（文化），scientist（科学家），capitalism（资本主义），commercialism（商业主义），operative（操作工人），proletariat（无产阶级），unemployment（失业）II.Whatistherelationshiplanguageandculture?•Languageisapartofcultureandplaysaveryimportantroleinit.Withoutlanguage,culturewouldnotbepossible.Ontheotherhand,languageis