主语和定语从句的翻译

英语句子中主语的翻译中文和英文主语的区别：调整语序Aropehasbeenstretchedacrossthenarrowlane.狭窄的小巷中间横拉着一条绳子。Theinstallationshouldbecommencedassoonasalltheremainingproblemshavebeenclearedup.待剩下的问题都解决之后就应立即开始安装。Mechanicalenergycanbechangedintoelectricalenergybymeansofagenerator.利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。Sundaymorningfoundhimstillunwell.星期天早晨他的身体仍未好转。The18thcenturywitnessedthefirsttrueEnglishdictionary,byDr.SamuelJohnson.第一部真正的英文词典在18世纪问世，事由约翰逊编撰的。时间名词/地点名词+saw/found/witness+名词，表示在某个时间或者地点里发生或者见证了某种事情。将这种类型的句子翻译成汉语时，往往只能将时间或者地点翻译成汉语中的状语。Thisstadiumhasseenmanyexcitingfootballgames.这座体育馆里进行过许多激动人心的比赛。RecentyearshavewitnessedthesevereenvironmentaldestructioninChina.近年来，中国的环境破坏较严重。主语翻译成状语Thelongclimbalmostfinishedme.爬山时间太长，我快累死了。Herillnesskeptherinhospitalforfourweeks.她因病在医院里住了四个月。Thequarrelledtoourbreakingoffourfriendlyrelations.我们的友好关系因争吵而破裂。Aroadaccidentcausedmybeinglate.我因交通事故而迟到。Shortageofsuitablelandintheurbanareashasmadeitnecessarytobuildmostnewpublichousinginthesuburbs.由于市区缺乏合适的土地，大部分公共房屋必须在郊区兴建。Simplicityoflanguagedemands,inthefirstplace,thatthetextsshouldbecolloquialratherthanliterary;thattheyshouldbewritteninshortsentences,notinlongandcomplicatedclauses.为了使语言简洁，首先，文章与其使用书面体，不如使用口语体；应当使用短句，而不用长的复合句。Whatiscat?Asmallanimalwithsoftfurandthatpeopleoftenkeepasapet.Catscatchandkillbirdsandmice.1.Thisisthecat.2.Thisisthecatthatkilledtherat.3.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecake.4.Thisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecakethatwasputinthehouse.5.ThisisthecatthatkilledtheratthatatethecakethatwasputinthehousethatJackbuilt.这就是那只猫。这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了蛋糕。这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。这就是那只捕杀了老鼠的猫。老鼠偷吃了放在屋里的蛋糕。屋子是杰克建的。1.ProfessorJohnSmith,whichisacomputerexpertfromCanada,isnowworkinginouruniversity.2.Theproblem,whichiscomplicated,hasbeensolved.3.MybrotherstayedinHongKongforfivemonths,duringwhichtimeIoftenwrotehimletters.4.Thesunheatstheearth,whichmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.5.Thecompanyisalsoswitchingthebalanceofitsproducts,fromtheprimarilycraftandgiftimagewhichstilloccupiesthemajoritiesofitscatalogue,tomoreutilitarianproductsandfoodstuffs.AttributiveClausesrestrictiveattributiveclausenon-restrictiveattributiveclause1.Thepeoplewhoworkedforhimlivedinmortalfearofhim.2.Pollutionisapressingproblemwhichwemustdealwith.3.JulyandAugustarethemonthswhentheweatherishot.4.HeistheonlyoneamongusthatknowsFrench译成定语—前置法在他手下工作的人对他怕得要死。污染是我们必须解决的一个迫切问题。七八月是天气很热的月份。他是我们中唯一懂法语的人。1.Itwasfoundthatacountrybenefitsmorebyproducinggoodsitcanmakemostcheaplyandbuyingthosegoodsthatothercountriescanmakeatlowercoststhanbyproducingeverythingitneedswithinitsownborder.人们发现，一个国家只生产成本耗费最低的产品，而从其他国家购买它们用较低成本生产的产品，这比在国内自己生产自己所需要的一切产品要划算得多。2.Thesellermustdelivergoodswhichareofthesamequantity,qualityanddescriptionsrequiredbythecontractandwhicharecontainedorpackedinthemannerrequiredbythecontract.买方支付的货物必须与合同所规定的数量、质量和规格一致，并按照合同所规定的方式装箱或包装。充当译文中的主语译文中的谓语融合法—译成谓语,表语和主语“Weareanationthatmustbegtostayalive,”saidaforeigneconomist.一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。”系表结构Therebe句型Thereisamandownstairswhowantstoseeyou.楼下有人要见你。Practice1.Thereweremeninthatcrowdwhohadstoodthereeverydayforamonth.2.Fortunately,therearesomechemicalfuelsthatarecleanandsmokeless.3.Therearesomemetalswhichpossessthepowertoconductelectricityandtheabilitytobemagnetized.在那群人中，有些人每天站在那里，站了一个月。幸好有些化学燃料是洁净无烟的。某些金属既能导电，又能被磁化。重复先行词1.Newtoninventedapaperlanternilluminatedbyacandlewhichhecarriedwithhimtolighthiswaytoschoolondarkwintermornings.2.Hemanagedtoraiseacropof200miracletomatoesthatweigheduptotwopoundseach.牛顿发明了一只点蜡烛的纸灯笼，在昏暗朦胧的冬天早晨上学时带着灯笼照路。他种出了200个大得惊人的西红柿，每个重达两磅。Non-restrictiveattributiveClausescomparedwithrestrictiveattributiveclauses,non-restrictiveclausesholdalooserelationshipwithantecedents,functioningasasupplementaryinthesentence.Method1-Division(拆分）1.ItoldthestorytoJohn,whotoldittohisbrother.2.Thisisacollegeofscienceandtechnology,thestudentsofwhicharetrainedtobeengineersorscientists.3.Afterdinner,thefourkeynegotiatorsresumedtheirtalks,whichcontinuedwellintothenight.4.Hesawinfrontthathaggardwhite-hairedoldman,whoseeyesflashedredwithfury.5.Neverthelesstheproblemwassolvedsuccessfully,whichshowedthatthecomputationswereaccurate.1.我把这件事告诉了约翰，约翰又告诉了他的兄弟。2.这是一所科技大学，该校学生将被培养成工程师或科学家。3.饭后，四个主要谈判人员继续进行会谈，一直谈到深夜。4.他看见前面那个憔悴的白发老人眼里闪耀着愤怒的目光。5.不过问题还是圆满地解决了。这说明计算很准确。Method2-combination1.Thesun,whichhadhiddenallday,nowcameoutinallitssplendor.2.Helikedhissister,whowaswarmandpleasant,buthedidnotlikehisbrother,whowasaloofandarrogant.躲在云层里的太阳，现在又光芒四射了。他喜欢热情洋溢的妹妹，而不喜欢冷漠高傲的哥哥。翻译成状语从句（adverbialclauses)AdverbialClausesofCauseAdverbialClausesofResultAdverbialClausesofConcessionAdverbialClausesofConditionAdverbialClausesofPurpose1.Hedidnotrememberhisfather,whodiedwhenhewasthreeyearsold.2.Ihavetobookaheadforperformance,whicharerarelyheldinLondon.3.Therewassomethingoriginal,independent,andheroicabouttheplanthatpleasedallofthem.4.Electroniccomputers,whichhavemanyadvantages,cannotcarryoutcreativeworkandreplaceman.5.Menbecomedesperateforwork,anywork,whichwillhelpthemtokeepalivetheirfamilies.6.Theyhavebuiltupanew