英语国家概况精讲(很详实哦)

本资料说首发自转载请说明出处。第1页，共84页PartOneTheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIrelandChapter1LandandPeopleⅠ.Names1.DifferentnamesforBritainanditsparts2.BritishEmpire(100yearsago)About100yearsago,asaresultofitsimperialistexpansion,Britainruledanempirethathad1/4oftheworld’speopleand1/4oftheworld’slandarea.IthadcoloniesinNorthAmerica,Asia,AfricaandAustralia.3.Commonwealth(1931)Thecommonwealth(ofNations)isafreeassociationofindependentcountriesthatwereoncecoloniesofBritain.Membernationsarejoinedtogethereconomicallyandhavecertaintradingarrangements.TheCommonwealthhasnospecialpowers.ThedecisiontobecomeamemberoftheCommonwealthislefttoeachnation.4.ReasonforBritainEmpirechangedintoaCommonwealth:thetwoworldwarsgreatlyweakenedBritain.Ⅱ.Features1.LocationAdvantage:NopartofBritainisveryfarfromthecoastanditprovidesavaluableresource.TheBritishcoastislongandhasgood,deepharbours.Searoutesextendfarinland,providingcheaptransportation.2.Generalfeaturesa.Tilting:①RisinginNorth-Westcausehighlandsthere;②SinkinginSouth-Eastcauselowlands.b.IceAge:responsibleforBritain’sspectacularmountainscenery.3.England(morethan130,000squarekilometreswhichtakesupnearly60%ofthewholeisland)a.Pennines,principalmountainchain.b.Scafell(978m),thehighestpeakofEngland.本资料说首发自转载请说明出处。第2页，共84页c.Capital:London.4.Scotland(78,760squarekilometres)a.Threezone:①Highlandsinthenorth:plateau;②CentralLowlands:mostimportantareainScotlandwhichcontainmostoftheindustryandpopulation;③SouthernUplands:moorland.b.BenNevis(1,343m),thehighestmountaininBritain.c.Capital:Edinburgh.5.Wales(20,761squarekilometreswhichtakesuplessthan9%ofthewholeisland)a.MostofWalesisMountainous;b.12%ofthelandisarable;c.Massif断层;d.Snowdonia(1,085m),highestmountaininWales;e.Capital:Cardiff.6.NorthernIreland(14,147squarekilometreswhichtakesup1/5ofIreland)a.Ithasarockyandwildnortherncoastline;b.Capital:Belfast.Ⅲ.RiversandLakes1.Riversa.Importance:①Greatports(throughriver)tosea;②RiverstobothEuropeanContinentandfishinggrounds;③Rivers(carryrawmaterials)toinland.b.Rivers:①SevernRiver(338km):longestriver;②ThamesRiver(336km):secondlargestandmostimportant(watertransportation,Oxfordsite);③RiverClyde:mostimportantriverinScotland.2.Lakesa.LoughNeagh:largestlakeinBritain(locatedinNorthernIreland).b.LakeDistrict:①OneofthepopulartouristattractionsinBritain;②15lakes,thelargestonesareWindermere,Ullswater,DerwentwaterandConistonWater;③Thehomeofthelakepoetsof19thcentury:Wordsworth,ColeridgeandSouthey.Ⅳ.Climate1.Maritimea.Favorableone,wintersaremildnottoocoldandsummersarecoolnottoohot;b.Steadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear;c.Smallrangeoftemperature.2.Factorsa.Thesurroundingwaterstendtobalancetheseasonaldifferencesbyheatingupthelandinwinterandcoolingitoffinsummer;b.TheWesterliesblowoverthecountryalltheyearroundbringingwarmandwetairinwinterandkeepingthetemperaturesmoderate;c.TheNorthAtlanticDrift,whichisawarmcurrent,passesthewesterncoastoftheBritishIslesandwarmsthem.3.Rainfalla.General:Britainhasasteadyreliablerainfallthroughoutthewholeyear.TheaverageannualrainfallinBritainisover1,000mm;本资料说首发自转载请说明出处。第3页，共84页b.Character:①Watersurplusinnorthandwest;②Waterdeficitinsouthandeast.c.ReservoirshavetobebuiltinhighlandareassuchasCentralWales,theLakeDistrictandtheScottishHighlands.4.Naturalcalamitiesa.In1952thesulphurdioxideinthefour-dayLondonsmog,anunhealthyatmosphereformedbymixingsmokeanddirtwithfog,left4,000peopledeadordying.SomostcitiesinBritainhaveintroduce“Cleanairzones”wherebyfactoriesandhouseholdsareonlyallowtoburnsmokelessfuel.b.Manyareasaresubjectedtoseveregales,whichcauseflooding,shipwrecksandlossoflife,especiallyinwinter.Ⅴ.People(Britainhasapopulationof57,411,000in1990)1.Generalfeatures:a.Denselypopulatedwithanaverageof237peoplepersquarekilometer;b.Unevenlydistributed:90%inurban,10%inrural;c.Concentration:mostinEngland(mostinLondonandsouth-easternEngland);d.Composition:English81.5%,Scottish9.6%,Welsh1.9%,Irish2.4%,NorthernIrish1.8%,Immigrants2.8%.2.Englisha.Origin:Anglo-Saxons.b.Language:①Southern:BBC(exceptCockney);②Northern:broader.c.Cockney:ACockneyisaLondonerwhoisbornwithinthesoundofBowBells–thebellsofthechurchofStMary-Le-BowBellsineastLondon.d.ItwasfromtheunionofNormanconquerorsandthedefeatedAnglo-SaxonsthattheEnglishpeopleandtheEnglishlanguagewereborn.3.Welsha.Origin:Celts.b.Language:①Welsh,anancientCelticlanguage:1%peopleonlyspeakWelsh,itwasgivenequalitywithEnglishforallofficialuseinWalesin1965,namesbeginningwith“Ll”;②English.c.Character:emotional,cheerful.d.Culture:Eisteddfodau(威尔斯诗人音乐家大会)/NationalEisteddfod,withanpurposetokeepthewelshlanguageandculturealive.4.Scotsa.Origin:Celts.b.ScotsareproudthattheEnglishneverconqueredthem.c.Language:①Gaelic,oldCelticlanguageoftheScots:itisstillheardintheHighlandsandtheWesternIslesandtheirnamesbeginningwithM’,Mac,Mc,whichmeans“sonof”inGaelic;②English;d.Character:①saidtobeserious,cautious,thrifty;②infacttheyarehospitable,generous,friendly.5.Irisha.Origin:ScotsandEnglishProtestants.b.Problem:therehasbeenbitterfightingbetweentheProtes