加氢反应器强度设计及理论计算

北京石油化工学院机械工程学院李严州摘要加氢精制技术是目前石化行业中重要的加工手段之一，是现代石油炼制企业的一种改善和提高石油产品质量的重要加工过程。它能有效地使原料油中的硫、氮、氧等非烃化合物氢解，使烯烃、芳烃选择加氢饱和并能脱除重金属和沥青质等杂质。它具有处理原料范围广，液体收率高，产品质量好等优点。选用加氢精制技术可以有效地提高各种石油产品质量，因为它是在分子水平上通过临氢催化反应对石油馏分进行精制，故加氢的石油产品质量较好，是目前其他方法无法比拟的。此外，它还兼有收率高、操作灵活和有利于环境保护等特点。本设计通过对加氢技术研究目的与必要性进行了探讨，分析了某个石化分公司生产的航空煤油加氢工艺；对加氢工艺所要求的反应器特殊设计内容进行了综述与分析，并对具体的一种加氢精制反应器进行了强度等设计，包括对加氢反应器给出的各种主要结构进行了结构设计，通过对零部件的计算，确定了各种附件的结构型式，并绘制了相应的加氢反应器装配图与零件图。通过本文对加氢反应器本体的强度载荷、风载荷以及地震载荷的计算与校核，设计出一套符合设计要求，满足设计条件的加氢反应器。关键词：加氢精制，脱硫，固定床反应器，强度设计，风载荷，地震载荷，裙座III加氢反应器强度设计及理论计算AbstractPetroleumhydrotreatingtechnologyisoneofthemostimportantmethodsofpetroleumrefining,qualityimprovingandresidualoilprocessing.Hydrotreatingrefiningcaneffectivelyremovethenon-hydrocarbonscomponentpresentedincrudeoil,suchassulphur,nitrogenandoxygen,andmakeolefinsandarenassaturatedselecticelyandremoveimpuritiesincludingofmetalandasphalt.Thetechnologyofselectionofhydrogenationcanimproveeffectivelythequalityofoilproductsowingtothatreactionisdoneatthemolecularlevelthroughofcatalyticprocess.Thehydrogenationofoilproductqualityisoneofthebestanditiswouldn’tbeinsteadbyanother.Inaddition,highyield,operationalflexibilityandbegoodtoenvironmental;arethecharacters.Thisdiscoursehasdiscussedtheobjectiveandnecessaryofthehydrogenationandanalyzedthehydrogenationprocess,whichusedtoproducetheaviationkeroseneinonepetrochemicalcompany.Thespecialdesignaboutreactorinthehydrotreatingtechnologyweresummarizedandaspecifichydrogenationreactorweredesignedwhichconsistofmainstructureandkindsofparts.Ithasdeterminedthestructuraloftheannex,andoneassemblyandtwopartsofthehydrogenationreactorweredone.Ithasdesignedasetofhydrogenationabouthandingcapacityof40×104t/a,throughcalculationandthinkoftheintension、loadofwindandseismic.Keywords:Hydrogenation;Desulphurization;Fixed-bedreactor;Strengthdesign;Windloads;Earthquakeload;SaddleIV北京石油化工学院机械工程学院李严州目录第一章前言............................................................................................................11.1加氢反应器选题背景......................................................................................11.2加氢反应器研究意义与指导思想..................................................................21.3加氢反应器设计拟解决的主要问题..............................................................3第二章文献综述..........................................................................................................42.1加氢技术分类..................................................................................................42.2加氢精制技术地位和作用..............................................................................72.3加氢裂化技术发展的历史机遇......................................................................82.4“加氢”过程的影响因素............................................................................102.5“加氢”过程对设备的影响........................................................................11第三章研究方法与步骤..........................................................................................133.1“加氢”精制工艺流程................................................................................143.2氢气对设备材料（钢）的腐蚀....................................................................153.3柴油加氢精制装置的技术改造实例分析..................................................20第四章加氢反应器的工艺过程介绍......................................................................264.1催化剂的确定及催化剂的预硫化................................................................264.2工艺方案的选择及流程叙述........................................................................294.3航煤加氢装置反应器工艺条件及设备尺寸的确定....................................314.4仪表控制........................................................................................................34第五章加氢反应器尺寸确定与理论计算..............................................................355.1固定床加氢反应器的内部结构....................................................................355.2固定床加氢反应器工艺尺寸的确定............................................................385.3反应器的压降计算........................................................................................395.4催化剂床层压降计算....................................................................................40V加氢反应器强度设计及理论计算5.5加氢反应器几何尺寸....................................................................................415.6加氢反应器强度设计....................................................................................425.7加氢反应器强度校核....................................................................................435.8加氢反应器零部件设计................................................................................455.9加氢反应器人口手孔设计............................................................................475.10加氢反应器设备接口....................................................................................505.11加氢反应器裙座设计....................................................................................535.12地震载荷........................................................................................................635.13风载荷............................................................................................................67第六章结论..........