人类活动对河流生态系统的影响-王东胜

人类活动对河流生态系统的影响(,100038)摘要介绍了流域水利工程建设农业生产及城市化对河流生态系统的影响其中,大坝等水利工程造成了对河流的人为分割以及径流模式的改变,损害了河流廊道的物质能量物种输移通道的能力现代农业生产在挤占漫滩阶地的同时,还由于大量使用化肥农药造成了难以解决的非点源污染问题城市化进程由于地面不透水层数量的增加显著地改变了城市地区的径流特性,还造成了城市河流生态价值的严重损失;这些活动都直接或间接地改变或损害了河流生态系统的结构功能出于有效进行生态恢复的目的,强调树立流域生态观念的必要性,建议从流域的角度出发进行综合整治关键词中图法分类号X52文献标识码A2003129(50279055):,,1966,,,,,,[1],,,,,,20,,,[2],,,,1水利工程建设对生态环境的影响1.1大坝1.1.1,,,,,,,;,(),,,,,,4420044Vol.4No.4April,2004167121815(2004)0420299204ScienceTechnologyandEngineeringn2004Sci.Tech.Engng.,,,,,,,,;,,,,:,,,,,O2,,,[5],,,1.1.2,[3],,100km1000km,,,,[4)6],,,,,,,:,,,1.2渠系化和引水工程,,,,,[4],,,,,,,,,,,,,2农业活动的影响2.1植被破坏,,,,,,3004,,,,,,[7,8]2.2河道整治及灌溉渠系,,,(),,,[4],pH,,,2.3耕作的影响,,,,,,,,1[4]/%10%)20%35%)50%75%)100%10203055252120102521155403835303城市河流生态变化,,,[4],10%,,,,2)16,3.1改变了水文特征,,,,,5,,,[9],,,,3.2泥沙和污染物,,[10],,,,,,[11]3.3生境与水生生物,,,,,[12],4结语,,,,,,,3014,:1CumminsKW.Thestructureandfunctionofstreamecosystems.BioSci2ence,1974;24:631)6412,,.:.,1997;(5):24)263Williams,WolmanMG.Downstreameffectsofdamsonalluvialrivers.USGeologicalSurveyProfessionalPaper,1984;12864TheFederalInteragencyStreamRestorationWorkingGroup.Streamcorridorrestoration:principles,processesandpractices.19995WebbCRH,SchmidtJC.Damsandrivers:aprimeronthedownstreamef2fectsofdams.USGeologicalSurveyCircular,1996;1126:6WardJV,StandfordJA.Riverineecosystems:theinfluenceofmanoncatchmentdynamicsandfishecology.In.ProceedingsoftheInternationalLargeRiverSymposium,CanSpecPublFishAquatSci,1979;106:56)647LowranceRR,ToddRL,AsmussenLE.Nutrientcyclinginanagriculturalwatershed:phreaticmovement.JournalofEnvironmentalQuality,1984b;13:22)278FriedmanJM,ScottML,LewisJrWM,Restorationofriparianforestsus2ingirrigation,disturbance,andnaturalseedfall.EnvironmentalManagement,1995;19:547)5579ShieldsFDJr,BowieAJ,CooperCM.Controlofstreambankerosionduetobeddegradationwithvegetationandstructure.WaterResourcesBulletin,1995;31(3):475)48910HollisF.Theeffectsofurbanizationonfloodsofdifferentrecurrenceinter2vals.WaterResourcesResearch,1975;11:431)43511DavisGKR,DownsP.Identificationofriverchannelchangeduetourban2ization.AppliedGeography,1992;12:299)31812BoothD,JacksonC.Urbanizationofaquaticsystems:degradationthresh2olds,stormwaterdetectionandthelimitsofmitigation.JournalAWRA,1997;33(5):1077)1089TheHumanBeing.sActivities.ImpactontheRiverineEcosystemWANGDongsheng,TANHongwu(ChinaInstituteofWaterResourcesandHydropowerResearch,Beijing100038)[Abstract]Thehumanbeingactivities.impactsontheriverineecosystem,mainlyincludingwaterresource.sproject,agri2cultureandurbanizationisreviewed.Thestreamsweresegregatedartificiallybydamsandtheirrun2offmadesweremodifiedtothehumanbeing.smind,thestreamcorridor.sabilitytotransportmaterial,energyandspecieswasseriouslyweakened.Withthedevelopingofmodernagriculture,thetransitionaluplandfringeandfloodplainsareoccupiedbymodernagriculture,abusedfertilizerandpesticidesresultinthenon2pointpollution,whicharedifficulttosolve.Intheprocessofurbanization,theincreasingareasofthenon2permeablecoverchangedtherun2offmodeoftheurbanstreamandcausedthedegradationoftheirecologicalvalue.Alltheseactivitieschangedorweakenedthestructureandfunctionoftheriverineecosystem.Intheaimofefficientecologicalrestorationofriverineecosystem,theimportanceandnecessityofestablishmentofthewatershedecologyviewareemphasized.[Keywords]humanbeing.sactivityriverineecosystemstreamcorridorecologialrestoration3024