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3,,303:116025:0411-4710909:yuliwen@mail.dlptt.ln.cn(:70073004)(:02CJY019),,,(,1992),,,,1890,,,2060(,2000,)2070,,,,,,,,,WTO,(),,:,;,,,13321200231(),,,1871970-200111992,1970461994142;1995-1996,5.72,1998-2000,13.411970-2001:1996,20002001:Warren(1999).(),,,,,,,OECD(1999),,30%,8033%,,,,,,,,10%,199958,,17(Hopkins,1998),2000,7210680020001.9,40%,20001998GDP,1998GDP,243212002322000GDP1998GDPGDP()721060405530364027509619207080,,1991,2000,?,,,2,:(1)207080,90(2),,2090,(3)2080,,,199870%21977-2000:Hopkins(1998).(),,7()1982-1996(Hahn,1999):(1)(2),,,,,(3)1ö3,,,67%,19,,()532120023,,,2000,180,7000,,,,(HazillaandKopp,1990),19901.2%,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:14;19;,50,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,,,(Vedder,1996),,,:1999,1.5,(),,,450(Gray,1987),,206070,30%1995,,2070,19%(OS2HA),(,)(GrayandShad2begian,1995),,,:,,(),,500;,500,632120023,50%,GDP50%,2ö3,,,,,,,,,,,,,(SBA),500,5000;500,340050,50-1007-10204919%1996,3471,,10,1991,8,,,,,,,,(),,,,,,,?,,,,,:,,,,,,,,,,(EkelundandThornton,1999),1996,120,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,73212002320702080,,,:,,,,,,,,,,(,2000,),20,,,,,,,,,,911,105()(CrandallandEllig,1997),,4-15%,3,10,25%,,50%,,3(%)2510()19804204491198410-3823-4527-57n.a.19845-1623-4140-475019771312291941980n.a.3-1728-56196:1995,n.a.:CrandallandEllig(1997).,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,832120023OECD(1999),:,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:(2000):2080,(2000):,(1992):,Crandall,R.andJerryEllig(1997):EconomicDeregulationandCustomerChoice:LessonsfortheElectricIndustry,CenterforMarketProcesses,Fairfax,Virginia,pp.3-7.Ekelund,(Jr.)R.B.andMarkThornton(1999):TheCostofMergerDelayinRestructuringIndustries,HeartlandInstitutePolicyStudy90,June23,pp.1.Gray,W.B.(1987):TheCostofRegulation:OSHA,EPAandtheProductivitySlowdown,AmericanEconomicReview,December,pp.998-1006.Gray,W.B.andR.J.Shadbegian(1995):PollutionAbate2mentCosts,Regulation,andPlant2LevelProductivity,NBERWorkingpaperNo.4994,pp.2-6.Hahn,R.W.(1999):RegulatoryReform:AssessingtheGovernment’sNumbersAEI2BrookingsJointCenterforRegula2toryStudiesWorkingPaper99-6,July,pp.5.Hazilla,M.andRaymondJ.Kopp(1990):SocialCostofEnvironmentalQualityRegulations:AGeneralEquilibriumAnal2ysis,JournalofPoliticalEconomy,Vol.98-4,pp.867.Hopkins,T.D.(1998):RegulatoryCostsinProfile,Jour2nalofPolicySciences,Vol.31,pp.304.OECD(1999):OECDReviewofRegulatoryReformintheUnitedStates,PreliminaryEdition,May.Vedder,R.K.(1996):FederalRegulation’sImpactontheProductivitySlowdown:ATrillion2DollarDrag,CenterfortheStudyofAmericanBusinessPolicyStudy131,pp.16.Warren,M.andMurrayWeidenbaum(1999):TheRiseofRegulationContinues:AnAnalysisoftheBudgetfortheYear2000,CenterfortheStudyofAmericanBusinessRegulatoryBudgetReport,No.22,August,pp.17-18.(:20029:)932120023AgriculturalSurplusLaborandItsTransfer:TheoreticalThinkingandChina’sExperienceGuoXibaoAgriculturalsurpluslaborindevelopmenteconomicshastwodefinitions:staticsurplusanddy2namicsurplus.Wearguedthatthereisnotstaticsurplusinrealityandallsurpluslaborisdynamicindevelopingcountries.TheredidnotexistagriculturalsurpluslaborbeforethereformandopenpolicyinChina.Surpluslaborbegantoappearonlywhentheproductionresponsibilitysystemwasenforcedinruralarea.Thenweanalyzethetransferofagriculturallabor,examiningthesizeandcharacteris2ticsofagricutlturallabortransferinChina.Since1978,surpluslaborforceswerelargelytransferredintoruralindustryandimmigrationintourbanareafromruralareawasnotimpressiverelatively.Fi2nally,weestimatethecontributionoflabortransferontotallaborproductivityandgrowthofnationaleconomyusingChenery’sapproach.Inthepasttwodecadessincereform,thecontributionoflabortransferontotallaborproductivityandaggregategrowthisabout25%and20%respectivelyinChi2na.CostofRegulationandItsEconomicImpactintheU.S.YuLiZhangManGovernmentregulationhelpstoassurethesmoothfunctionofthemarketmechanism.ThispaperexaminedtheregulationcostintheUnitedStatesbasedontheclassificationofregulationcostandan2alyzedthenegativeeffectoftheregulationonconsumersandproducerswelfare.Thebenefitsofthederegulationreformsince1970sarealsoexamined.Thispaperaimstoprovidesomebeneficialrefer2encestoChina,whichisdesigningitsownregulationframeworkcompatiblewiththemarketeconomyandinternationalcompetition.IndustrialStructureAdjustment,InstitutionalChangeandEconomicGrowthintheWesternRegion:TheCaseofShanxiProvinceSunZaoLuZhengweiLiXiaolingThestructuralisminterpretseconomicgrowthasthetransformationofindustrialstructure,theneoclassicaleconomicsarguesthateconomicgrowthstemsfromtheincreaseofinputsandtheim2provementofefficiency,andthenewinstitutionaleconomicsregardsinstitutionasthekeyresourceofgrowth.Thispaperarguesthatthethreeframeworksarecompatiblewitheachother,andawell2ad2justedinteractionbetweenstructureandinstitutiondeterminestheeconomicgrowthperformance,whichisdecidedbytheobjectivefunctionofthecentralgovernmenttoagreatextent.082120023
本文标题:美国政府规制成本及其经济影响分析
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