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当前位置:首页 > 外语资料 > 英语基础 > 初中英语零基础学语法--英语句子结构
英语句子结构•基本成分•附属成分•独立成分•省略成分•连接成分•简单句•并列句•复合句•主语+系动词+表(S+LV+predicative)•主语+不及物动词(S+Vi)•主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O)•主语+动词+间宾+直宾(S+Vt+O.indir+O.dir)•主语+动词+宾语+补语(S+Vt.+O+O.compl)简单句的五种基本句型主语、动词(不及物动词、及物动词、双宾动词、系动词、宾补动词)、宾语及补语可以称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2个基本成分,至多4个基本成分。nounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ingV-edetc.主语谓语宾语宾语宾补表语宾语(间)宾语(直)Vt系动词ViNoun/PronounThe+adjV-ingNoun/Pronoun/The+adjV-ing/Clause/Infinitivebe/feel/seem/lookappear/stand/liebecome/get/grow/turngo/come/remain/keeptaste/smelletc.nounpronounadj./adv.infinitiveV-ing/V-edclauseetc.1、主语+系动词+表语(主语补语)Sheishappy.2、主语+不及物动词Shecame./Myheadaches.3、主语+及物动词+宾语ShelikesEnglish.4、主语+动词+间接宾语+直接宾语SheboughtJohnabook./SheboughtabookforJohn.5、主语+动词+宾语+补语Shemakeshermotherangry.Theteacheraskedmetoreadthepassage.简单句基本句型实例Therebe结构1、定义:Therebe句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2、结构:(1)Thereis+单数可数名词/不可数名词+地点状语.(2)Thereare+复数名词+地点状语.注意事项:there是引导词,在句中不充当任何成分,翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物,谓语动词be要与主语(某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时,谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如:①Thereisabirdinthetree.树上有一只鸟。②Thereisateacherandmanystudentsinourclassroom.我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。③Therearetwoboysandagirlunderthetree.树下有两个男孩,一个女孩。1.不定式(todo)Fatherwillnotallowustoplayonthestreet.父亲不让我们在街上玩耍。2.名词Atthemeetingweelectedhimmonitor.Ithinkyourbrotheracleverboy.3.形容词Ifoundtheclassroomempty.4.副词Pleasecallthestudentsbackatonce.5.现在分词Wehearhimsinginginthehall.Ifoundhimlyinginbed,sleeping.6.过去分词Hesawhisfacereflectedinthewater.认识补语附属成分基本成分的修饰语。可以是:•定语:即用来修饰名词的单词、短语或从句•状语:即用来修饰名词或代词以外的词的单词、短语或从句。定语PoorJohntotteredtowardahospitalnearby.ShelikesorangesimportedfromtheUSA.JohngaveMarymanybooks,whicharefullofillustrations.Haveyouseenthebookonthedesk?Theboyplayingoverthereismybrother.Peopletherelikesports.Johnoftencametochatwithme.Johnlikesorangesverymuch.Wheneverhegetsdrunk,JohnmakesMaryveryangry.Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.Ashewasill,hedidn’tcometoclassyesterday.Sheissittingatthedesk,doingherhomework.Myfatherworkedinthisschooltenyearsago.You’dbetterstayhere.状语Examples:Oh!Whatisthat!(惊叹词)Hehas,alas,failedagain.(哎呀,唉)Comehere,John.(呼语)Rollon,Ocean,rollon.(流动啊,海洋,流动)句中可以去掉的成分,去掉后不影响句子的完整性。这种成分和句子的其他词没有语法的关系。独立成分(You)Comehere.(Iwishyou)Goodluck!Somegavehimpraises,butothers(gavehim)rotteneggs.Herunsasfastas,if(hedoes)not(run)faster,thanyou.(I)Hopeyoulikeit.JohnshouldcleantheroomtodayandPeter(shouldcleanit)tomorrow.句中被省略的成分,虽然未说出来,却在句中表示一定的意思:省略成分连接成分实际上是一个连词,用来连接两个或几个平行的词、短语和分句。这种连词叫做并列连词。Hetriedhardbuthewasunsuccessful.IusedtoliveinParisandLondon.另一类连接成分是用来连接两个句子、且一个句子从属于另一个句子(即从句)的连词。这类连词叫从属连词。从属连词主要用于引导各种从句。Hesaidthathedidnotwanttogo.Youmaycomeifyouwantto.一个完整的句子(主句或从句)必须包含2个到4个基本成分,此外,如果意思上有需要,还可包含一个或更多其他的句子成分。连接成分Therebe结构1、定义:Therebe句型表示某处存在某物或某人。2、结构:(1)Thereis+单数可数名词/不可数名词+地点状语.(2)Thereare+复数名词+地点状语.注意事项:there是引导词,在句中不充当任何成分,翻译时也不必译出。句子的主语是某人或某物,谓语动词be要与主语(某人或某物)的数保持一致。当主语是两个或两个以上的名词时,谓语动词要与跟它最近的那个名词一致。如:①Thereisabirdinthetree.树上有一只鸟。②Thereisateacherandmanystudentsinourclassroom.我们教室里有一位老师和许多学生。③Therearetwoboysandagirlunderthetree.树下有两个男孩,一个女孩。总结:•句子必须主谓俱备•一般情况下主在谓前•表语定在系动词后•宾语有双宾结构和复合结构(宾补),宾补肯定在宾语后•定语不一定在它修饰的词前面•状语最灵活,功能最为强大•除了谓语、宾补之外,其它都可以由从句充当简单句只有一个限定动词(即只有一个主谓结构),它是最小的句子单位。主要起下列四种作用中的一种。•作一种陈述•提出一个问题•发出一种命令或请求•表示一种感叹Examples:Theboyhitthedog./Thedogbittheboy.Thegirlreadthebooks./Thebookspleasedthegirl.Stephenapologizedatonce.Doestheshopcloseat7tonight?Shutthedoor.Whataslowtrainthisis!简单句的基本词序主语动词部分宾语状语(谓语)方式地点时间Iboughtahatyesterday.Thechildrenranhome.Thetaxidrivershoutedatmeangrily.Weateourmealinsilence.Thecarstoppedsuddenly.Ayounggirlwalkedconfidentlyintheroom.Theydrovehimawayinapolicecar.简单句的扩展成份简单句的主语、宾语可以加上一个短语(如定语)来扩展,及物动词或不及物动词也可以与其它短语(如状语)连用进行扩展。Iboughtaraincoatwithawarmlining.Thedogjumpedthroughthewindow.Heissavinguptobuyamobilephone.Abrightlittleboywithrosycheeksputthreebottlesofmilkquietlyonmydoorstepbeforeseveno’clock.HeworkedlikeamadmaninthegardenonSaturday.Theyounggirlwithlongblackhairseemstobeveryhappy.两个简单句的主语可以连词and、but、both..and、either…or、neither…nor、notonly…butalso等连词连接组成一个简单句,但应注意主语和谓语动词的一致性。ThebossisflyingtoParis.HissecretaryisflyingtoParis.ThebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.BoththebossandhissecretaryareflyingtoParis.ThebossisflyingtoRome.HissecretaryisnotflyingtoRome.ThebossbutnothissecretaryisflyingtoRome.ThebossmaybeflyingtoBerlin.HissecretarymaybeflyingtoBerlin.EitherthebossorhissecretaryisflyingtoBerlin.ThebossisnotflyingtoYork.Hissecretaryisn’tflyingtoYork.NeitherthebossnorhissecretaryisflyingtoYork.主语、谓语、宾语的合并两个简单句的宾语可由and、both…and等连词连接组成一个简单句。ImetJane.Imetherhusband.ImetJaneandherhusband.ImetbothJaneandherhusband.Itwascold.Itwaswet.Itwascoldandwet.Ididn’tmeetJane.Ididn’tmeetherhusband.Ididn’tmeeteitherJaneorherhusband.ImetneitherJanenorherhusband.两个或两个以上限定动词也可合并为一个简单句。Wesangallnight.Wedancedallnight.Wesanganddancedallnight.主语、谓语、宾语的合并并列句需把几个意思连接在一起时,可用分号或把两个或几个简单句用并列连词连接起来,这种结构即构成一个并列句。用分号:Wefishedallday;wedidn’tcatchathing.用分号,后跟一个连接副词:Wefishedallday;however,wedidn’tcatchathing.用并列连词(如and、but、so、yet等)Wefishedallday,but(we)didn’tcatchathing.并列句常用并列连词coordinatingconjunctions•平行并列连词:•转折并列连词:•因果并列连词:•选择并列连词:and,both…and,notonly…butalso,neither…nor,a
本文标题:初中英语零基础学语法--英语句子结构
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