美国文学浪漫主义女作家Anne-Bradstreet

AnneBradstreet(ca.1612–September16,1672)wasthefirstAmericanfemalewriteraswellasthefirstAmericanfemalepoettohaveherworkspublished.BradstreetwasbornasAnneDudleyinNorthampton,England.ShewasthedaughterofThomasDudleyandDorothyDudley,EarlofLincoln,andshegrewupinculturedcircumstances.AttheageofsixteenshemarriedSimonBradstreet.BothAnne‘sfatherandAnne’shusbandwerelatertoserveasgovernorsoftheMassachusettsBayCompany.AnneandSimon,alongwithAnne‘sparents,immigratedtoAmericaaboardtheArbeladuringthe“GreatMigration”（大移民）in1630AnneBradstreetandtheNewWorld:AnneBradstreetandherhusbandmovedaroundquiteabit,livinginSalem,Boston,Cambridge,andIpswichbeforesettlingin1645or1646inNorthAndoveronafarm.Beginningin1633,Anneboreeightchildren.Asshenotedinalaterpoem,halfweregirls,halfboys:Ihadeightbirdshatchedinonenest,FourCockstherewere,andHenstherest.AnneBradstreet,alongwithherhusbandandherfather,andsuchothersasJohnWinthropandJohnCotton,wereintheArbella,theleadshipofeleventhatsetoffinAprilandlandedinSalemHarborinJuneof1630.ThenewimmigrantsincludingAnneBradstreetfoundconditionsmuchworsethanthey'dexpected.AnneandherfamilyhadbeenrelativelycomfortableinEngland;now,lifewasharsher.Yet,asalaterpoemofBradstreet'smakesclear,theysubmittedtoGod'swill.她是美国最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的一位女诗人。她的宗教组诗《沉思集》(Contemplations)受到20世纪文学批评界的重视，被认为是一部不朽之作。父亲汤玛斯.达德利是清教徒林肯伯爵的总管家。她在有文化教养的环境中长大。16岁时，她同伯爵的另一被保护人赛门.布莱德斯特律(SimonBradstreet)结婚，在养育8个孩子和料理家务的同时仍从事写作。她的姐夫未经她的同意，就将她的诗带到英国，以《第十位缪斯新近在美洲出现》(TheTenthMuseLatelySprungUpinAmerica,1650)为题发表，这使她感到意外。美洲第一版的《第十位缪斯》经修订及扩增後出版，书名改为《一些风格各异、充满智慧的诗歌》(SeveralPoemsCompiledwithGreatVarietyofWitandLearning)。其中大部分诗都是冗长的模仿性作品，只有最後两首《凡人的虚荣》(Ofthevanityofallworldlycreatures)和《大卫对扫罗和约拿单的哀悼》(David'sLamentationforSaulandJonathan)独具风格，意境纯真。AnneBradstreet;PuritanWife&Mother她後来的一些诗歌是为她的家庭而写，表现了她全心接受清教徒教义以後在精神上的成长过程。这些诗，如《灵与肉》(TheFleshandtheSpirit)，因为没有说教而受人喜爱。她也写过一些动人的和更富有个人色彩的诗，其中《献给我亲爱的丈夫》(ToMyDearandLovingHusband)、《人世正凋萎，万物有终极》(Allthingswithinthisfadingworldhathend)描写她在生孩子之前的思想；《心痛手颤写诗句》(WithtroubledheartandtremblinghandIwrite)写一个孙儿之死。这里着重介绍ToMyDearandLovingHusband这首诗。ThisisalovepoemwrotebyAnneBradstreet.Shedictated[dik‘teit]口述byheremotionwhichwassuchgreatloveforherhusband,thatshewishedtheirlovewillbehonoredevenaftertheirdeath,andsaid“Ifevertwowereone,thensurelywe,ifevermanwerelovedbywife,thenthee:”Usuallyintheearlierwriters,majority多数ofthepoems,describingthelove,werewrotebymasculine男性.SotheexistingofAnnewasbecameextraordinarily格外的occasiontimethatawomanproving[’pru:viŋ]证明thelovetoherhusband.ToMyDearandLovingHusband//致我亲爱挚爱的老公Ifevertwowereone，thensurelywe.//如果有两个人合二为一，一定是我和你Ifevermanwerelovedbywife,thenthee;//如果有人有一个爱他的妻，那一定是你Ifeverwifewashappyinaman，//如果有一个妻子认为丈夫是自己的幸福Comparewithme，yewomen，ifyoucan.//世间的女人，你们有谁敢和我来比？Iprizethylovemorethanwholeminesofgold//我珍视你的爱，胜过座座金矿OralltherichesthatEastdothhold.//或者所有的财富，来自那(神话般的)东方Myloveissuchthatriverscannotquench，//我的爱如熊熊大火，河流也难以浇灭Noroughtbutlovefromthee，giverecompense.//也只有你的爱，才能予以补偿ThyloveissuchIcannowayrepay,//你的爱，我难以报答Theheavensrewardtheemanifold，Ipray.//惟愿天公赐福于你，千重万重Thenwhilewelive，inlovelet’ssopersevere//只要一息尚存，让我们的爱矢志不渝Thatwhenwelivenomore，wemayliveever.//这样，当我们生命到尽头，我们会永生在爱里白话文版：美国女诗人AnneBradstreet送给其丈夫的这首情诗，题目为《献给我亲爱的丈夫》(ToMyDearandLovingHusband)，在电影《恋恋巴黎》恋恋巴黎里面，姐姐萝茜妮在书友会上朗读的诗就是这首。中国风版：FeaturesofthispoemITomydearandlovinghusbandhasseveralstandardpoeticfeatures.1.Oneisthetwolinerhymescheme（押运格式）.2.Thesecondisthepopulariambicpentameter.抑扬格五音部3.Anotheristheanaphora[ə‘næfərə]首语重复法,therepetitionofaphraseatthebeginningofasuccessive（连续的）lines.Herewecannoticetheminthefirstthreelines.Iambic[ai'æmbik]pentameter抑扬格五音步抑扬格:如果一个音步中有两个音节，前者为轻，后者为重，则这种音步叫抑扬格音步，其专业术语是（iamb,iambic.）。轻读是“抑”，重读是“扬”，一轻一重，故称抑扬格。音步(Foot)：英诗中重读与非重读音节的特殊性组合叫作音步。一个音步的音节数量可能为两个或三个音节，但不能少于两个或多于三个音节，而且其中只有一个必须重读。根据一首英诗组成的音步数量，每一诗行一个音步称“单音步”(monometer)；每一诗行有两个音步的，称“双音步”(dimeter)；含有三个音步的，称“三音步”(trimeter)；此外还有四音步(tetrameter）、五音步、(pentameter)、六音步(hexameter)、七音步(heptameter)、八音步(octameter)。Anaphora首语重复法•Ifevertwowereone，thensurelywe.•Ifevermanwerelovedbywife,thenthee;•Ifeverwifewashappyinaman，Function:英语首语反复既是一种修辞方法,也是语篇中的一种衔接手段.使用得当,它能够产生均衡结构、突出重点、加强语气和增加节奏感与韵律美等积极修辞效果,同时具有促成语篇的层次性、连贯性和整体性的功能.FeaturesofthispoemFeaturesofthispoemmetaphor1（暗喻）Metaphysicalpoetry（玄学派诗歌）isnotedforitsplayfulness戏谑withextended延伸性andsometimesexaggerated[iɡ'zædʒəreitid]metaphors['metəfə].Thepoemexhibitsthisfeature.E.g.1IprizethylovemorethanwholeminesofgoldOralltherichesthatEastdothhold.ThisexaggeratedmetaphorcomparetheiremotiontotheirloveToTheemotiontotheownership（所有权）ofawholeminesofgoldandtherichesinEast(Theemotiontothephysicalwealth)Featuresofthispoemmetaphor2E.g.MyloveissuchthatriverscannotquenchCompareHerloveTothefire,whichcannotbeputoutbyriversFunction:ThesetwometaphorsshowthatBradstreetdictatedbyheremotionwhichwassuchgreatloveforherhusband.Simplicityofdiction朴素的用词•Thispoemisnotonlyadmiredforitsvividimagery（生动的比喻）,butalsoforitssimplicity,directness率直oflanguage,andunadorned[‘ʌnə’dɔ:nd]不加装饰的affection.Herdeliberatesimplicityandrefusaltodecoratethelovetoherhusbandproducedakindof