高二英语人教课标选修8Unit1Grammar

RelatedConception(相关概念)1.名词:表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。2.名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分?名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。TheboyisliMing.主语表语Mr.Liang,a24-year-oldboy,teachesusEnglish.主语同位语宾语Unit1AlandofdiversityGrammar—TheNounClauses在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫名词性从句。什么是名词性从句?名词性从句主语从句(TheSubjectClause)宾语从句(TheObjectClause)表语从句(ThePredicativeClause)同位语从句(TheAppositiveClause)连词：that,whether/if,asif/though引导名词性从句的引导词连接代词：what,whatever,who,whoever,whom,whomever,whose,whosever,which,whichever连接副词：whenwhere,how,why1that只起连接主从句的作用，在从句中不充当成分，本身也没有词义，宾语从句中可省略。2不充当介宾3引导主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句,that不可省略。Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.Iwanttoknowwhathehastoldyou.Thefactisthatwehavelostthegame.Thenewsthatwewonthegameisexciting.主语从句宾语从句表语从句同位语从句宾语从句•一个句子在复合句中充当宾语就叫宾语从句。•e.g.Doyouknowwhereheis?•I’mglad(that)youhavepassedtheexam.•Idon’tknowwhether(if)youarewillingtohelpme.•I’msorryforwhatIhavesaid.•我为我说的话表示歉意。1.作动词的宾语(1)由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略),例如：Iheardthathejoinedthearmy.(2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.(3)动词＋间接宾语＋宾语从句。例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.2.作介词的宾语，例如：Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperate(合作）withoneanother.一.宾语从句的类型3.作形容词的宾语，例如：Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake.Iamsure(that)hewillwinthegame.4.it可以作为形式宾语it不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如：Wethoughtitgoodnewsthatthefoghadfinallygone.二、时态1.如果主句是现在的时态（包括一般现在时，现在进行时，现在完成时），从句时态不限Iknowheliveshere.Iknowhelivedheretenyearsago.Ihaveheardthathewillcometomorrow.2.如主句是过去的时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时），那么从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（包括一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）Iknewwholivedhere.Isawshewastalkingwithhermother.Heaskedwhetherhisfatherwouldcomebacktomorrow.Hesaidthathehadseenit.3.当从句是客观真理，定义，公理，定理时用一般现在时。Theteachersaidthattheearthtravelsaroundthesun.三、语序宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分1.Whenwillhegotothelibrary?a.Hisbrotheraskswhenhewillgotothelibrary.b.Hisbrotheraskswhenwillhegotothelibrary.2.Whatdoeshewanttobuy?a.Idon’tknowwhathewantstobuy.b.Idon’tknowwhatdoeshewanttobuy.√√注意：1.下列宾语从句必须用whether引导，不可用if:–a.从句后有ornot时，不可用if:Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.–b.介词宾语通常用whether引导:Itdependsonwhetherheiscomingornot.这要看他是否会来。c.后接动词不定式时。Canyoutellmewhethertogoortostay?你能否告诉我是去还是留？2).that在宾语从句中的省略与保留a.在主+谓+it(形式宾语)+宾补+that从句(真正宾语)的句型中不省略.eg:Wemustmakeitclearthatwemeanwhatwesay.b.由连词and连接的两个由that引导的宾语从句中,第二个that不省略.eg:Hetoldme（that）hewouldcomeandthathewouldcomeontime.3.否定的转移:若主语谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。(我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。)Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.上述部分主句谓语是think,believe,expect,suppose,imagine等引导的宾语从句，疑问部分与宾语从句相对应构成反意疑问句。Idon’tthinkheisbright,ishe?Webelieveshecandoitbetter,can’tshe?但此时主句主语必须是第一人称如果不是则不能否定从句,如:Hethoughttheywerewrong,didn'the?而不能说weren'tthey.4.It作为形式宾语而真正的宾语从句则放在句尾,•Ihateitwhenpeoplespeakwiththeirmouthsfull.•Sb.+think/find/make+it+adj./n.+thatclause•Hemadeitclearthathewouldleaveofficesoon.宾语从句中谓语用shoulddo的情况:•Thegeneralorderedthattroops(should)setoffatonce.•Hesuggestedthatwe(should)allbuydictionaries.•Iinsistedthathe(should)apologizetome.表语从句一个句子在复合句中充当表语就叫表语从句.表语从句放在连系动词后，如：be，seem,remain等，有时用asif引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词+that从句。e.g.TheproblemisthatIamshortofmoney.Chinaisnolongerwhatsheusedtobe.Thequestionishowwecangetthere.Itlooksasifitisgoingtorain.看上去天要下雨了。特别提醒1.表语从句中的时态不受主句的限制.2.表语从句是不用if引导的,要用whether.３．主语是reason时，表语从句常用that，不用because.Thereasonforhisabsencewasthathewasill.问题是谁能帮我学英语.这就是她不愿意出国留学的原因.那就是我要告诉你的.问题是他是否会同意这个建议.ThequestioniswhocanhelpmewithmyEnglish.Thatiswhysheisunwillingtostudyabroad.ThatiswhatIwilltellyou.Thequestioniswhetherhewillagreewiththesuggestion.在句中充当主语的从句叫做主语从句。他星期三来这里是肯定的。•hewillcomehereonWednesdayiscertain.他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。•hewillcomehereonWednesdayisnotcertain.That主语从句WhetherWhathesaidisnottrue.Whobrokethewindowhasnotbeenfoundout.Howheescapedisstillamystery.Whomsheborrowedmoneyfromstillpuzzledhim.1.引导主语从句的连词是不能省略的。Thattheearthisroundistrue.That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：Itistruethattheearthisround.It'sapitythatyoushouldhavetoleave.你非走不可真是件憾事。what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主．宾．表，而that则不然。例如：1)______yousaidyesterdayisright.2)______sheisstillaliveisagoodthing.Itisrightwhatyousaidyesterday.Itisagoodthingthatsheisstillalive.WhatThat2.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别3.表示“是否”意义时，一般用whether而不用if引导主语从句，Whethershewillcomeornotisstillaquestion.但如果有形主it引导时，既可用whether，也可用if。e.g.Itisstillaquestionifshewillcomeornot.4.有时可用形主it代替主从：e.g.Itisstillaquestionwhethershewillcomeornot.Ithasnotbeendecidedyetwhentheywillstart.用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：a.It+be+形容词+that-从句Itisnecessarythat…有必要……Itisimportantthat…重要的是……Itisobviousthat…很明显……b.It+be+-ed分词+that-从句Itisbelievedthat…人们相信……Itisknowntoallthat…众所周知……Ithasbeendecidedthat…已决定……c.It+be+名词+that-从句Itiscommonknowledgethat………是常识Itisasurprisethat…令人惊奇的是……Itisafactthat…事实是……d.It+不及物动词+that-分句Itappearsthat…似乎……Ithappensthat…碰巧……Itoccurredtomethat…我突然想起……四．同位语从句1.同位语从句的功能同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，例如：1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillis