第十章应用：寻找领先用户创新用户和制造商可以应用本书提出的观

13MX10.110.12ABS——ABS————1vonHippelThomke&Sonnack1999Bijker1995vonHippelFranke&Prugl20053M•StataCorpStataStataStataCorpStataCorp3vonHippel&Finkelstein19793MLilienetal.20023M3M3M1996200053M7LU423M3MCook&Campbell19793MLULULULU3MLULUHawthorneeffectplaceboeffect3MLULU————3M343M——LUvonHippelThomke&Sonnack19993M4LULULULU3M51999220003LULU5542LU10.1LULU5LU8——1.4618003MLUp0.00510.1LUn=5LUn=42a/5%5aaa9.68.368%1.4610.022%80%9.67.18.87.89.86.85.333%18007.524.0%66%7.3%6.78.06.78.40.010.090.010.000.030.700.240.080.8.0.610.920.245aaaLilienetal.20021a1~10LULU3M19953M3M/+30%-10%3M253M210.153M3M10.242LUχ2p0.00510.2LULU04151Lilientetal.200223M3M1999773LU525%300LU3M43M6481LU3M195020003M5519501950200010.35LU16LU3M10.3MNPLs3MMNPLsLUMNPLsn=53MMNPLsn=16a/5%59.68.368%1.46b10.022%8.07.961%6200b9.627%87%0.210.780.760.040.380.410.350.397aaaaaa80%9.67.18.87.89.88.57.48.46.78.70.810.770.530.32Lilienetal.20024a1~10b3M199452519945199920003M——————Urban&vonHippel1988PC-CADPC-CAD173——80PC-CAD512PC-CADHerstatt&vonHippel1992————8——HiltiOlson&Bakke2001ITCinet——SymfoniChristensen1997Slater&Narver1998Christensen1997p.59n.21•••————X——••TimBerners-LeeCERN••3M9Danneels200410