猪的解剖步骤

猪的肠道疾病--尸体解剖检查步骤EntericDiseasesofSwine--PostmortemTechniquesKentJ.Schwartz,DVMMS©1999Pharmacia&UpjohnCompany•死猪是容易得到的，剖检死猪也可得到有用的资料Deadpigsaremostavailableandmayyieldusefulinformation,however•慢性病猪的原发病原可能会被继发病原所掩盖Primarycausesofdiseasemaybeovershadowedbysecondaryagentsinpigsthathavechronicdisease病死猪Apigthatdiedbecauseofdisease尸体解剖技术PostmortemTechniques准备工作PreparingfortheExamination2尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques准备工作PreparingfortheExamination•理想的是屠宰急性病猪，以检查主要病原Itisdesirabletoeuthanizeacutelyaffectedpigstodetectprimarypathogens•通常剖检多个尸体，以确定主要病变是一致的Usuallymultiplecarcassesareopeneduntilitisclearthatthepredominantlesionsareconsistentlypresentinallpigs刚刚屠宰的病猪Freshlyeuthanizedpig3•将猪腹面朝上Placethepiglyingonitsback,•然后从两侧腋下切至颌骨Incisefromaxillatobetweenjawbonesonbothsides尸体剖检步骤Beginpostmortemprocedure尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques准备工作PreparingfortheExamination4•从两侧腹股沟切至会阴Incisefrominguinalregiontoperineumonbothsides,•在髋臼处分离两侧股骨Freefemurfromtheacetabulumonbothsides.分离髋关节Spreadingthehipjoints尸体剖检步骤PostmortemTechniques准备工作PreparingfortheExamination5•将猪腹部朝上Withthepiglyingonitsback,•分开四肢Allfourlimbsaredetachedandthecarcasswillnotrollover分开四肢Alllimbsaredetached尸体剖检工作PostmortemTechniques准备工作PreparingfortheExamination6抓住皮肤Creatinga“handle”•抓住颌骨下方皮肤Makeahandlefromtheskinunderthechin,and•从胸骨下穿过肋软骨关节切开Incisebelowbreastbonethroughcostochondraljunctions尸体剖检工作PostmortemTechniques准备工作PreparingfortheExamination7打开胸腔（C）Openingthethoraciccavity(C)•小心打开胸腔Openthethoraciccavitycarefully•观察心、肺周围粘连及体液渗出情况Observeforsignsofadhesionsandexcessfluidaroundtheheartandlungs尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques准备工作PreparingfortheExamination8C打开胸腔Openingtheabdominalcavity•继续切至尾部，打开胸腔Continuetheincisioncaudally,openingtheabdominalcavity尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques准备工作PreparingfortheExamination9分离头两条肋骨Separatingthefirsttworibs•从腹中线切开头两条肋骨Cutbetweenthefirsttworibs,onthemid-line尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques准备工作PreparingfortheExamination10打开胸腔Openingthechestcavity•用手将胸腔扩张开Manuallyspreadthechestcavityopen•检查浆膜表面粘连和体液渗出情况Inspecttheserosalsurfacesforevidenceofadhesionsorexcessfluids尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques准备工作PreparingfortheExamination11尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques呼吸道的检查ExaminationoftheRespiratoryTract扁桃体（T）的检查Examinationofthetonsils(T)•在呼吸道或部分呼吸道被切除前，检查扁桃体Thetonsilscanbeexaminedbeforetherespiratorytractisremoved,oraspartoftheintacttract•观察扁桃体及气管炎症Lookforinflammationofthetonsilsandtrachea12T尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques呼吸道的检查ExaminationoftheRespiratoryTract13切下全部的呼吸道Therespiratorytractisremovedintact•从“干净”的器官开始Beginwiththe“clean”organsfirst•将整个呼吸道及舌、扁桃体一起切开Removetheentirerespiratorytractintact,withtongueandtonsilsattached心脏Heart肺Lungs14尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques心和肺的检查ExaminationoftheHeartandLungs心和肺的检查Examinationoftheheartandlungs•打开心房，检查瓣膜Openheartchambers,examinethevalves•按压肺脏，以检查硬度和密度Palpatethelungforfirmnessandconsistency•沿气管切开肺脏，检查肺部实质Sliceintothelung,acrossairways,lookingforareasofconsolidation15尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques腹腔器官的检查ExaminationoftheAbdominalOrgans肾脏的检查Examinationofthekidney•检查切开并取出肾脏和膀胱Examine,cut,andremovethekidneysandurinarybladder•观察出血或脓肿Lookforsignsofhemorrhageorabscesses肾Kidney16尸体剖检步骤PostmortemTechniques腹腔器官的检查ExaminationoftheAbdominalOrgans脾脏的检查Examinationofthespleen•检查脾脏，如果要采集病料，切除脾脏Examinespleen,cutandremoveifspecimensaretobecollected•观察脾表面肿大或出血情况Lookforsignsofenlargementorhemorrhageonthesurface脾Spleen17尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques腹腔器官的检查ExaminationoftheAbdominalOrgans肝脏的检查Examinationoftheliver•检查肝脏，如果要采集病料，切除肝脏Examinetheliver,cutandremoveifspecimensaretobecollected•观察肝脏表面肿大或出血情况Lookforsignsofenlargementorhemorrhageonthesurfacesofthisimportantorgan肝脏Liver胆囊Gallbladder18尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques腹腔器官的检查ExaminationoftheAbdominalOrgans回肠（I）盲肠（C）和肠系膜淋巴结（L）的检查Examinationoftheileum(I),cecum(C)andmesentericlymphnodes(L)•检查回肠和盲肠的外表面Examineexternalsurfacesoftheileumandcecum•观察肠系膜淋巴结肿胀情况Lookforsignsofenlargementofthemesentericlymphnodes•切除整个消化道RemovetheentiredigestivetractCLI结肠Colon19尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques腹腔器官的检查ExaminationoftheAbdominalOrgans结肠袢的检查Examinationofthespiralcolon•检查结肠外表面Examinetheexternalsurfacesofthecolon,thenopenthelumen•打开肠腔，观察炎症情况Openthelumen,lookforsignsofinflammation•观察肠系膜淋巴结肿大情况Lookforsignsofenlargementofthemesentericlymphnodes20尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques腹腔器官的检查ExaminationoftheAbdominalOrgans检查胃壁Examinationofthestomachlining•检查胃的外表面Examinetheexternalsurfacesofthestomach•切开胃，观察炎症和溃疡Openthestomach,lookforsignsofinflammationandulceration胃Stomach21尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques脑的检查ExaminationoftheBrain在第一颈椎处切断脊髓，取下头部（V）Removingtheheadbyseveringthespinalcordatthefirstvertebrae(V)•在头和第一椎骨之间切断脊骨，取下头部RemovetheheadbyseveringthespinalcordbetweentheheadandfirstvertebraV22尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques脑的检查ExaminationoftheBrain准备取出脑Preparingtoremovethebrain•打开颅骨Opentheskull•如果猪体重10公斤，纵向劈开头骨Splittheheadonthemidline(lengthwise)inpigs10kginweight•如果10公斤,用斧子或切肉刀在眼睛后侧横向劈开Inpigs10kg,useahatchetorcleavertochoptransverselybehindtheeyes23尸体剖检技术PostmortemTechniques脑的检查ExaminationoftheBrain从矢状面切开Choppinginasagitaldirection•首先,从眼睛后侧横向切开First,choptransverselybehindtheeyes•然后,