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演讲素材中古英语时期(1100――1500)中世纪英语时期通常指的是公元1066(诺曼征服)到1489(英国议会停止使用法语)年,处于欧洲中世纪历史的中晚期,在此时期英国使用三种语言:拉丁语、法语和英语。中世纪英语和古英语相比发生了空前的巨大变化。词尾变化大多消失,名词的性也消失了。词序,虚词和语调成了表示句子关系的主要手段。如果说古一英语与其它日尔曼语族的语言一样是典型的综合语,那么到了中古英语末期,英语已逐渐具有分析语的特性。ThemedievalEnglishperiodusuallyreferstoAD1066(NormanConquest)to1489(theBritishParliamentceasestouseFrench)years,inthemiddleandlateofmedievalEuropeanhistory,duringwhichtheUnitedKingdomusedthreelanguages:Latin,FrenchandEnglish.MedievalEnglishandancientEnglishcomparedtotheunprecedentedgreatchanges.Mostofthechangesinthesuffix,thedisappearanceofthenouns.Wordorder,functionalwordsandtonebecomethemainmeansofexpressingtherelationshipbetweensentences.IftheancientEnglishisthesameasthelanguageofotherGermaniclanguages,thentotheendofMiddleEnglish,Englishhasgraduallybeencharacterizedbyanalyticlanguage.1066年的在英语语言发展史上是一个标志性的转折点。在这年,威廉带领军队从法国诺曼底省出发,穿过英吉利海峡,想在英国称王并在伦敦成立一个法国法庭。之后的近三百年里,法语一直是英国的官方语言,成为统治阶级用语,而平民百姓说的英语被认为市低等语言。到1300年左右,法语的使用开始减少。到14世纪末期,英语又重新成为官方语言。1066yearsinthehistoryofthedevelopmentofEnglishlanguageisalandmarkturningpoint.Inthisyear,WilliamledthearmyfromtheFrenchprovinceofNormandy,throughtheEnglishChannel,wanttokingintheUnitedKingdomandsetupaFrenchcourtinLondon.Afternearlythreehundredyears,theFrenchhasalwaysbeentheofficiallanguageoftheUnitedKingdom,becametherulingclasslanguage,andthecivilianpeoplespeakEnglishisconsideredthecitylowlanguage.Byabout1300years,theuseofFrenchbegantodecrease.Bytheendofthe14thcentury,Englishbecametheofficiallanguageagain在近四百年时间里,诺曼人给英语带来了近一万的外来词,深深影响了英国人的社会和生活。英语语言在这一时期借用了较多法语中的派生词缀,如-able,-ess。当然也有一些拉丁语直接进入英语,而且多用于书面语。词汇方面的变化也是显著的。由于诺曼法语一度是英国统治阶级的语言,大批法语词涌入英语。随着众多的法语借词被吸收进英语,一些法语和拉丁语的词缀也被英语化了,成为英语构词的重要素材。Inthelastfourhundredyears,theNormansbroughtnearlytenthousandforeignwordstoEnglish,deeplyinfluencedtheBritishsocietyandlife.Inthisperiod,theEnglishlanguageborrowedmorederivativewordsinFrench,suchas-able,-ess.OfcoursetherearesomeLatindirectaccesstoEnglish,andmoreforwriting.Vocabularychangesarealsosignificant.AsNormanFrenchwasoncethelanguageoftheBritishrulingclass,alargeinfluxofFrenchwordsintoEnglish.WithmanyFrenchborrowingsabsorbedintoEnglish,someFrenchandLatinaffixeshavealsobeenEnglish,andbecomeanimportantmaterialforEnglishwordformation.到中古英语末期,英语已经确立了作为英国国语的地位。乔叟的作品证明,英语已成为一种成熟的文学语言。英语语法的简单化过程已大体完成,拼写走向固定,基本词汇也已形成。总之,现代英语的基础也已经奠定。如果说阅读中古英语以前的英语仿佛是在读另外一种语言,那么十六世纪以后的英语与当代的英语的差别也就不那么明显了。对英语拼写标准化、传播英语书面语都起了很大的推进作用。AttheendofMiddleEnglish,EnglishhasestablisheditsstatusasaBritishlanguage.Chaucer'sworkprovesthatEnglishhasbecomeamatureliterarylanguage.Englishgrammarsimplificationprocesshasbeenlargelycompleted,spellingtofixed,thebasicvocabularyhasalsobeenformed.Inshort,thefoundationofmodernEnglishhasalsobeenlaid.IfyoureadEnglishinMiddleEnglishasifyouwerereadinganotherlanguage,thenthedifferencebetweenEnglishandcontemporaryEnglishafterthesixteenthcenturywasnotsoobvious.TheEnglishspellingstandardization,thedisseminationofEnglishwrittenlanguagehasplayedagreatroleinpromoting.
本文标题:中世纪英语整理
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