Chapter-3-From-Morpheme-to-Phrase终极版

Chapter3FromMorphemetoPhrase(Lecture1)PretestAnswerthefollowingquestions:1.Howareconsonantsclassified?2.Howarevowelsclassified?PretestDefinethefollowingterms:1.morphology2.morpheme3.boundmorpheme4.stem5.rootTheGrammaticalHierachyClauseComplex复合句Clause小句Wordgroup/phrase短语/词组Word词Morpheme语素3.1Whatismorpheme?3.1.1MorphemeandMorphologyWord-formation:thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords.(Crystal1985)Syntactic:theminimalformofgrammaticalanalysis.Morpheme(Definition):thesmallestmeaningunitoflanguage语言中最小的有意义的单位aunitthatcannotbedividedintofurthersmallerunitswithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning,whetheritislexicalorgrammatical.*复数；人称；时态等e.gboy;boys;rainbowsMorphemesareusedtoformwordsorindicategrammaticalconcept.Whatismorphology?Morphologyreferstothesystematicstudyofmorphemetoinvestigatetheinternalstructureandrulesofmorphemes1.InternalstructureDisapprove=dis+approve2.RulesforwordformationDisapproveapprovedisMorpheme--theminimalunitofmeaning---Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes.Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormoremorphemes,e.g.1-morphemeboy,desire2-morphemeboy+ish,desir(e)+ble3-morphemeboy+ish+ness,desir(e)+abl(e)+ity4-morphemegentle+man+li+ness,un+desir(e)+abl(e)+ity5-morphemeun+gentle+man+li+ness6-morphemeanti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ismOneTwoThreeMorethanthreeandboyboystraintrainertrainersactact-iveact-iv-atere-act-iv-ateWordsconsistingofoneormoremorphemesStudyquestion:Thebranchoflinguisticswhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwordsiscalled____________.北京第二外国语学院2004年语言学考研真题(1)Freemorpheme&boundmorphemeFreemorpheme(自由语素)Themorphemethatmaymakeupwordsbythemselves.Allthemono-morphemicwordsarefreemorphemes.Wordsconsistingwhollyoffreemorphemesarecompound（合成词）.e.g.sunflowerBoundmorpheme（粘着语素）Themorphemesthatmustappearwithatleastanothermorpheme.e.g.dis-+temper+-ed.---See(Hu,2011:53)Studyquestions:1.Listtheboundmorphemestobefoundinthefollowingwords:Misleadsshortenedunhappierfearlessly2.Inwhichofthefollowingexamplesshouldthe“a”betreatedasaboundmorpheme：aboy,apple,atypical,AWOL？上海交通大学2005年语言学考研真题(2)Root,affixandstemRoot（词根）Thebaseformofawordthatcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithoutdestroyingitsmeaning.e.g.international.Notes:Allthewordscontainarootmorpheme.Arootmayalsobefreeor/andbound.Englishhasrelativelyafewboundrootmorpheme,e.g.-ceive,-mit,-tain,and–cur.etc.---See(Hu,2011:53-54)Affix（词缀）Acollectivetermforthemorphemethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme(therootorstem).Theaffixisnaturallybound.Classificationofaffixesprefix,suffix,andinfix(中缀).Inflectionalaffixandderivationalaffix---See(Hu,2011:53-54)AffixPrefix----morphemesthatoccuronlybeforeothers,e.g.un-,dis,anti-,ir-,etc.Suffix----morphemesthatoccuronlyafterothers,e.g.-ful,-er,-ish,-ness,-able,-tive,tion,etcSomelanguagesalsohaveinfixes,morphemesthatareinsertedintoothermorphemes.Forexample,Tagalog,alanguagespokeninthePhilippines,hastheinfix–um-whichmeansthataverbisinthepasttense:sulat(towrite)-sumulat(wrote).InfixesarenotnormallyusedinEnglish.Itispossibletoseethegeneralprincipleatworkincertainexpressions,occasionallyusedinfortuitousoraggravatingcircumstancesbyemotionallyarousedEnglishspeakers:Hallebloodylujah!,Absogoddamlutely!andUnfuckinbelievable!.InthefilmWishYouWereHere,themaincharacterexpressesheraggravation(atanothercharacterwhokeepstryingtocontacther)byscreaming“TellhimI'vegonetoSingabloodypore!”Theexpletivemayevenhaveaninfixedelement,asinGodtripledammit!Stemthemorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichaninflectionalaffixcanbeadded.Thestemmaybethesameasaroot.e.g.friendsAstemmaycontainarootandone,ormorethanone,derivationalaffix.e.g.friendshipinfriendships:friendship=Friend+-ship+-s---See(Hu,2011:54)BaseAbaseisanyformtowhichaffixesofanykindcanbeadded.Thismeansanystemandrootcanbetermedasabase.In-classDiscussionDiscussthedifferencesbetweenroot,stem&baseThedifferencebetweenroot,stem&baseAbasecanbeaddedbybothinflectional&derivationalaffixeswhileastemcanbeaddedonlybyinflectionalaffixes;Abaseisderivationallyanalyzable(e.g.undesireinundesirable)whilearootcannotbefurtheranalyzed,e.g.desireinundesirable;Root,stemandbasecanbethesameform,e.g.desireindesired;Undesirableinundesirablesiseitherastemorabase;Desirableinundesirableisonlyabase.(3)Inflectionalaffix(IA)andderivationalaffix(DA)InflectionalaffixAmorphemethatservestoadjustwordsbygrammaticalmodificationtoindicatesuchgrammaticalrelationsasnumber,tense,degreeandcase.e.g.tables,talks,opened,strongest,John’s(cf.Hu,2011:54-55)DerivationalaffixAmorphemethatservestoderiveawordofoneclassormeaningfromawordofanotherclassormeaning.e.g.establishmentandrepaint.(Liu,2005:329)In-classDiscussionHowdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenIAandDA?Useanexampleforillustration.▲HowdoyouunderstandthedistinctionbetweenIAandDA?Useanexampleforillustration.Similarity:bothregardingaffixes.Differences:theIAsandDAsaredifferentinProductivityMeaningchangeConditionPositionSee(Hu,2011:55)Productivity.TheDAsareveryproductiveinmakingnewwords.e.g.recite-recitation-recitalTheIAsare