风格与翻译

风格与翻译ⅰ正式语体和非正式语体。“风格的区分”包括词汇和句子两个层次的风格韵律比较。词汇层次比较可以通过三个方面：1、词源：拉丁语词源法语词源英语词源（“”表示正式程度更高）ConflagrationflamefireTrepidationterrorfearDiminutivepetitesmall/littleConsecratedsacredholyAscendmountriseIngestdineeatCommencebeginConcludeendEmploymentjob2、语域：专业词汇日常词汇，诗体词汇、古语词汇普通词汇Stanza(professional)partProtagnist(professional)leadingrole/figurePuissant(poetic)strong/powerfulPlaint(poetic)complaintHoarfrosty(archaic)hoary;hoarMaiden(poetic)girlSlumbersleepYonder(archaic)overthereDepartleaveApprehensivescaredExplodeblowResignquitFatiguedtiredfailflunk法律合同中常见的正式词汇(括号内为一般用词和中文的翻译)miscellaneous(othermatters其他事宜)rescind(cancel撤销)priorto(before在……之前)obligation(duty责任／义务)certify(prove证明)expiry(end期满)commence（begin开始)inform(tell告知)revise(correct／change修正)proceed(go进行)consent(agreement同意)deem(think认为)render(give给予)rescind(cancel撤销)（孔乙己）直起身子看一看豆，自己摇头说：“不多不多，多乎哉？不多也！”Thenstraighteninguptolookatthepeasagain,hewouldshakehishead.”Notmuch!Verily!Notmuch,forsooth!”（杨宪益译）Thenhe’dstraightenup,waghisheadfromsidetosideasthoughintoningtheclassicsandsay:“Fewbemybeans.Haththegentlemanmany?Nay,hehathhardlyany.”(WillianLyell)3、形态：单个动词短语动词EncountercomeacrossInvestigatelookintoTolerateputupwithParticipatetakepartinUtilizeMakegooduseofSurrenderturnin完全形式缩略形式AdvertisementadTelevisionTVSubway/submarinesubLaboratorylabCannotcan’tIamI’mItisit’s严格的一致关系(concord)不严格的一致关系Everyoneshoulddohisbest.(formal)Everyoneshoulddotheirbest.(informal)I’msurprisedathismakingsuchafoolishmistake.(formal)I’msurprisedathimmakingsuchafoolishmistake.(informal)HespeaksFrenchbetterthanIdo.(formal)HespeaksFrenchbetterthanme.(informal)表示方式的介词短语单个副词Hespeaksinahaltingway.(formal)Hespeakshaltingly.(informal)Hespokeconfidently.(informal)Hespokeinaconfidentway.(formal)Hespokewithconfidence.(formal)句子层次比较可以通过几个方面：1、阅读ACommunicativeGrammarofEnglish(Leech&Svartvik,1975)，熟记连词、介词的风格差异Leech,G.&Svartvik,J.(1975).ACommunicativeGrammarofEnglish.London:Longman.比如notwithstandingdespite(inspiteof)though；inorderthatinordertosoasto；providedthat/onconditionthatsolongasonaccountthatonaccountofbecause2、强调前置的倒装语序普通语序HadIknownthisbefore,Iwouldhavetoldyouearlier.(formal)IfIhadhadknown,Iwouldhavetoldyouearlier.(informal)GoIcan’t..(formal)Ican’tgo.(informal)Yieldhewouldnot.(formal)Hewouldnotyield(informal)Alsodiscussedwasarevenue-raisingproposaltohikethefueltax.(formal)Arevenue-raisingproposalwasalsodiscussedtohikethefueltax.(informal)Outwasthenailtaken.(formal)Thenailwastakenout.(informal)3、分词或名词构成的独立结构由连词引导的从句Feelingtired,Johnwenttobedearly.(formal)Johnwenttobedearlybecausehefelttired.(formal)Johnfelttired,sohewenttobedearly.(informal)Theweatherhavingimproved,wedecidedtogoswimming.(formal)Sincetheweatherhadimproved,wedecidedtogoswimming.(informal)Beingamanoffixedviews,herefusedtolistentoourarguments.(formal)Ashewasamanoffixedviews,herefusedtolistentoourarguments.(informal)Childthathewas,hedidnotbelievewhatwastold.(formal)Althoughhewasachild,hedidn’tbelievewhatwastold.(informal)Difficultthatthetaskwas,theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime.(formal)Althoughthetaskwasdifficult,theymanagedtoaccomplishitintime.(informal)4、it起始的叙述结构(如Itisnotedthat)普通叙述结构Ithasbeennotedwithconcernthatthestocksofbooksinthelibraryhasbeendecliningalarmingly.(formal)Thenumberofbooksinthelibraryhasbeengoingdown.(informal)ItwasarguedthattheSunwasthecenteroftheuniverse.(formal)TheysaidtheSunwasthecenteroftheuniverse.(informal)5、用虚拟语气、被动语态表示的请求陈述语气、主动语态的请求CouldIsuggestthatthemeetingbepostponeuntiltomorrow?(formal)Isuggestthemeetingpostponinguntiltomorrow.(informal)Couldyoupossiblygooutforawhile?(formal)Pleasegoout.(informal)Pleasegatheratthegateoftheschool.(informal)Thestudentsarerequestedtogatheratthegateoftheschool.(formal)6、（表示动作或状态的）名词化结构动词结构Rectificationofthisfaultisachievedbyinsertionofawedge.(formal)Youcanrectifythisfaultifyouinsertawedge.(informal)Thisleadstoourpleasantlyshockedrealizationthatmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse.(formal)Wearebothpleasantandshockedtoknowmanyofthevaluesweunquestioninglyacceptarefalse.(informal)7、介词置于wh-形式前介词置于wh-形式后Withwhatdidyourwriteit?(formal)Whatdidyouwriteitwith?(informal)Towhomareyouwriting?(formal)Whoareyouwritingto?(informal)Shelongedforafriendinwhomshecouldconfide.(formal)Shelongedforafriend(who)shecouldconfide.(informal)8.称呼语Whenhisfatherdied,Peterhadtogetanotherjob.(informal)Afterhisfather’sdeath,Peterhadtochangehisjob.(informal)Onthedeceaseofhisfather,Mr.Brownwasobligedtoseekalternativeemployment.(formal)“五只钟”(fiveclocks)凝固体(frozen)——正式体(formal)——商洽体(consultative)——随意体(casual)——亲密体(intimate)。Joos,M.1961.TheFiveClocks.NewYork&London:HarcoutBraceJovanovich.凝固体(frozen):legaldocuments正式体(formal):letterofrecommendation;accountant,educational,psychologicalworks;scientificworks商洽体(consultative):newsreport;ordinaryliterature随意体(casual):letter/emailtoagoodfriend亲密体(intimate):talktoaclosefriend不同场景下使用的开场白