英语基础语法

1英语主干1.词汇2.时态(主动语态+被动语态)动作时间一般进行完成完成进行现在一般现在时sb.do/doessth.bedone现在进行时bedoingbebeingdone现在完成时have/hasdonehave/hasbeendone现在完成进行时have/hasbeendoing过去一般过去时sb.didsth.was/weredone过去进行时was/weredoingwas/werebeingdone过去完成时haddonehadbeendone将来一般将来时sb.willdosth.willbedone将来进行时willbedoingwillbebeingdone将来完成时willhavedonewillhavebeendone过去将来一般过去将来sb.woulddosth.wouldbedone过去将来进行时wouldbedoingwouldbebeingdone过去将来完成时wouldhavedonewouldhavebeendone3.从句1)主语从句2)宾语从句3)表语从句4)定语从句5)状语从句6)同位语从句4.其他句型：包括强调句、倒装句、not...unitl句型、虚拟语气、英语四大规则等。2主语从句I.主语从句:主语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当主语.1.当主语是陈述句时，连接词是that即：that(不省略)+该陈述句Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(Wewillbelate.)2.)Thathedidnotcomeyesterdayisapity.(Hedidnotcomeyesterday.)(注意)主语从句的that一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的that可以省略。Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句，that不能省略)2.)Ihope(that)wewillwinthegame.(宾语从句，that可以省略)2.当主语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(ornot)即：whether(ornot)+该一般疑问句的陈述语序(注意)“if”不能引导主语从句，这要与宾语从句进行区分。Eg.1.)Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.(Willhegothere?)2.)Whethertheycanfinishthejob(ornot)isnotclear.(Cantheyfinishthejob?)3.当主语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”即：特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序（注：8W指的是what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H指的是how）Eg.1.)Whathedidyesterdayisnotknown.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?)2.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?)3.)Whichteamhelikedhasnotbeendecided.(Whichteamdidhelike?)4.)Whowonthegameseemscertain.(Whowonthegame?)5.)Whomhemetyesterdayisnotclear.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?)6.)Whyhewaslateforthemeetingistobefoundout.(Whywashelateforthemeeting?)7.)Whosebookthisisisnotclear.(Whosebookisthis?)8.)Whenhewillarriveisnotknown.(Whenwillhearrive?)9.)Howwewillhelpthelostboywillbediscussedatthemeeting.(Howwillwehelpthelostboy?)3II.(注意一)主语从句后置!为了避免主语冗长,句子头重脚轻,经常用it作形式主语,主语从句放在后面作真正的主语.Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.--It’scertainthatwewillbelate.2.)Whetherhewillgothereisnotknown.--Itisnotknownwhetherhewillgothere.3.)Wherehewentyesterdayisnotclear.--Itisnotclearwherehewentyesterday.●It作形式主语常用句型：(that引导的主语从句是真正的主语)Itispossible/important/necessary/clearthat...It’ssaid/reportedthat..据说/据报道…It’sbeenannounced/declaredthat...已经通知/宣布…Itseems/appears/happensthat…显然、明显、碰巧..It’snowonderthat…并不奇怪/无疑…（注意二）主语从句中，谓语动词一般用单数。What引导的主语从句，谓语动词根据表语决定Whatheneeds_is_thatbook.Whatheneeds_are_somebooks.（注意三）What与that引导主语从句的区别Eg.(1)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright.(Whatdidyousayyesterday?)(2)Thatsheisstillaliveisapuzzle.(Sheisstillalive.)练习题1.___hemadeanimportantspeechatthemeetingwastrue.A.ThatB.WhyC.WhatD.How2.___we’llgocampingtomorrowdependsontheweather.AIfBWhetherCThatDWhere3.___isknowntousallisthatAmericaisadevelopedcountry.A.WhichB.AsC.WhatD.It4.It’sknowntousall___aformofenergy.A.waterisB.thatwaterisC.iswaterD.thatwaterto4宾语从句I.宾语从句:宾语是个句子，或者说从句在句中充当宾语.1.当宾语是陈述句时，连接词是that即：that(可省略)+该陈述句Eg.1.)Ihope(that)hewillcometomorrow.(Hewillcometomorrow.)2.)Heguesses(that)thisteamwillwin.(Thisteamwillwin.)(注意)主语从句的that一定不能省略，而宾语从句中的that可以省略。Eg.1.)Thatwewillbelateiscertain.(主语从句，that不能省略)2.)Ibelieve(that)wewillwinthegame.(宾语从句，that可以省略)2.当宾语是一般疑问句时，连接词是whether(ornot)/if即：whether(ornot)/if+该一般疑问句的陈述语序Eg.1.)Iaskwhether/ifTomknowsJack.(DoesTomknowJack?)2.)Idon’tknowwhether/ifhecamebackyesterday.(Didhecomebackyesterday?)3.当宾语是特殊疑问句时，连接词是特殊疑问词“8W+H”即：特殊疑问词“8W+H”+该特殊疑问句的陈述语序（注：8W--what/where/which/who/whom/why/whose/when,H--how）Eg.1.)Idon’tknowwhathedidyesterday.(Whatdidhedoyesterday?)2.)Hewantstoknowwherehewentyesterday.(Wheredidhegoyesterday?)3.)Hedidn’ttellmewhichteamheliked.(Whichteamdidhelike?)4.)Wewanttoknowwhowonthegameatlast.(Whowonthegame?)5.)Hismomaskedwhomhemetyesterday.(Whomdidhemeetyesterday?)6.)Hedidn’tfindoutwhyhewaslateforthemeeting.(Whywashelateforthemeeting?)7.)Iamnotsurewhosebookthisis.(Whosebookisthis?)8.)Theyaskmewhenhewillarrive.(Whenwillhearrive?)9)Wehavediscussedhowwewillhelpthelostboy.(Howwillwehelpthelostboy?)5II.(注意一)当主句的谓语动词是command/demand/insist/order/require/suggest等表示要求或建议的动词时，从句谓语动词用（should）+动词原词，should可以省略。eg（1）Sherequired(that)he(should)gobackhomerightnow.Sherequired(that)hegobackhomerightnow.（2）Isuggested(that)he(should)askhisteacherforhelp.Isuggested(that)heaskhisteacherforhelp.（注意二）当主句中believe/expect/suppose/think等作谓语动词时，否定要前移。Eg.Idon’tthinkthathewillcometomorrow.(Hewon’tcometomorrow.)Hedoesn’tbelievethatitistrue.(Itisnottrue.)（注意三）宾语从句的语序宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，即连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分eg.Ibelievethattheywillcomesoon.HeaskedmewhetherIwasateacher.Theywantedtoknowwhattheycandoforus.（注意四）宾语从句的时态宾语从句的时态受主句的限制，即：主句是一般现在时态，从句根据实际情况而定。主句是一般过去时态，从句用相应的过去的时态。如果从句的动作发生在主句之前，则从句要用过去完成时态。eg.1)Shesaysthatsheisastudent.Shesaidthatshewasastudent.2)ShesaysthatshewillflytoJapaninaweek.ShesaidthatshewouldflytoJapaninaweek.（注意五）由whether或特殊疑问词8W+H引导的宾语从句(也就是第二、第三种情况时)，如果宾语从句的主语和主句的主语是同一对象，可以用“疑问词+不定式”做宾语的简单句结构。eg.Idon’tknowwhatIshoulddonext.Idon’tknowwhattodonext.Hedidn’tknowwherehewouldlive.6Hedidn’tknowwheretolive.Hewasn’tclearwhichwayheshouldgotoreachthebank.=Hewasn’tclearwhichwaytogotoreachthebank.（注意七）含有宾语补足语时，若宾语是个句子，宾语通常用形式宾语it代替，真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后。Eg.1)Wethinkitwonderfulthatwewillgoonatripthisweekend.(宾语是陈述句)2)Ithinkituncertainwhetherwew